Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved C HAPTER 9 Gamete Transport and Fertilization.

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Presentation transcript:

Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved C HAPTER 9 Gamete Transport and Fertilization

Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved F IGURE 9-1 P HOTOMICROGRAPH OF HUMAN SPERM SWIMMING IN SEMINAL FLUID. T HE SPERM HEADS SHINE BECAUSE OF A FLUORESCENT DYE.

Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved F IGURE 9-2 S PERM STRUCTURE.

Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved B OX 1: D OES THE H UMAN E GG C OURT S PERM ?

Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved F IGURE 9-3 D IAGRAM OF THE HUMAN OVARY, OVIDUCT, AND PART OF THE UTERUS SHOWING FERTILIZATION : (1) F OLLICLE IN OVARY IS READY TO OVULATE ; (2) NEW CORPUS LUTEUM ; (3) OVULATED OVUM ISARRESTED IN SECOND MEIOTIC DIVISION ( NOTE THE FIRST POLAR BODY ); (4) FORMATION OF SECOND POLAR BODY AFTER FERTILIZATION ; (5) FUSION OF EGG AND SPERM PRONUCLEI ; AND (6) BEGINNING OF FIRSTMITOTIC DIVISION OF ZYGOTE.

Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved F IGURE 9-4 I LLUSTRATION OF THE BARRIERS AROUND THE RECENTLY OVULATED OVUM THROUGH WHICH THE CAPACITATED SPERM MUST PASS TO REACH THE PERIVITELLINE SPACE AND ACHIEVE ACTIVATION AND ERTILIZATION OF THE OVUM.

Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved F IGURE 9-5 S TAGES OF FERTILIZATION. C APACITATED SPERM HAVE ALREADY PASSED THROUGH THE CUMULUS OOPHORUS SURROUNDING THE EGG ; FOR CLARITY, CUMULUS CELLS ARE NOT SHOWN. ( A ) P ROTEINS ON THE SPERM PLASMA MEMBRANE BIND TO ZP3 MOLECULES WITHIN THE ZONA PELLUCIDA OF THE EGG. ( B ) Z ONA BINDING TRIGGERS THE ACROSOME REACTION, IN WHICH THE SPERM PLASMA MEMBRANE FUSES WITH THE OUTER ACROSOMAL MEMBRANE, CAUSING EXOCYTOSIS OF ACROSOMAL CONTENTS. ( C ) A CROSOMAL ENZYMES BEGIN TO DISSOLVE A HOLE IN THE ZONA PELLUCIDA. T HIS ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION, ACCOMPANIED BY RAPID SPERM TAIL BEATING, MOVES THE SPERM THROUGH THE ZONA. ( D ) E GG - BINDING PROTEINS ON THE SPERM CELL SURFACE BIND TO MOLECULES ON THE EGG CELL MEMBRANE. ( E ) T HE SPERM CELL MEMBRANE FUSES WITH THE EGG PLASMA MEMBRANE, ALLOWING THE SPERM NUCLEUS AND CENTRIOLE TO ENTER THE EGG CYTOPLASM. ( F ) E GG AND SPERM PRONUCLEI MIGRATE TOWARD EACH OTHER IN PREPARATION FOR SYNGAMY.

Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved F IGURE 9-6 T HE NUCLEUS OF THE OVULATED EGG IS HAPLOID AND ITS CHROMOSOMES ARE ARRESTED IN THE SECOND MEIOTIC DIVISION (1). T HE FIRST POLAR BODY MAY DIVIDE INTO TWO SMALL CELLS (1), ONE OF WHICH IS PICTURED IN FURTHER FIGURES. S PERM PENETRATION ACTIVATES THE EGG SO THAT THE SECOND MEIOTIC DIVISION IS COMPLETED (2, 3) AND A SECOND POLAR BODY IS FORMED (4). T HE EGG AND SPERM PRONUCLEI THEN FUSE (5) AND THE RESULTANT DIPLOID ZYGOTE NOW DIVIDES MITOTICALLY (6, 7) TO FORM A TWO - CELL EMBRYO (8) CONSISTING OF TWO BLASTOMERES. N OTE THAT ONLY TWO CHROMOSOMES ARE SHOWN IN (1), EVEN THOUGH THERE SHOULD BE 23

Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved B OX 2: S PERM H ITCHHIKERS

Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved F IGURE 9-7 T HE CHROMOSOMAL BASIS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF AN EQUAL NUMBER OF X AND Y SPERM, AND THUS A THEORETICAL PRIMARY SEX RATIO OF 100:100. A S DISCUSSED IN THE TEXT, THIS THEORETICAL RATIO IS NOT BORNE OUT, AND MORE EMBRYOS ARE MALE THAN FEMALE.