Work Design and Measurement Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

7-2 You should be able to: LO 7.1Explain the importance of work design LO 7.2Compare and contrast the two basic approaches to job design LO 7.3Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of standardization LO 7.4Describe behavioral approaches to job design LO 7.5Discuss the impact of working conditions on job design LO 7.6Compare the advantages and disadvantages of time-based and output- based pay systems LO 7.7Explain the purpose of methods analysis and describe how methods studies are performed LO 7.8Describe four commonly used techniques for motion study LO 7.9Define a standard time LO 7.10Describe and compare time study methods and perform calculations LO 7.11Describe work sampling and perform calculations LO 7.12Compare stopwatch time study and work sampling

7-3 Job design The act of specifying the contents and methods of jobs What will be done in a job Who will do the job How the job will be done Where the job will be done Importance Organization’s are dependent on human efforts to accomplish their goals Many job design topics are relevant to continuous and productivity improvement Objectives Productivity Safety Quality of work life LO 7.1

7-4 Efficiency School Emphasizes a systematic, logical approach to job design A refinement of Frederick Winslow Taylor’s scientific management concepts Behavioral School Emphasizes satisfaction of needs and wants of employees LO 7.2

7-5 Specialization Work that concentrates on some aspect of a product or service Advantages For management: 1.Simplifies training 2.High productivity 3.Low wage costs For employees: 1.Low education and skill requirements 2.Minimum responsibility 3.Little mental effort needed Disadvantages For management: 1.Difficult to motivate quality 2.Worker dissatisfaction, possibly resulting in absenteeism, high turnover, disruptive tactics, poor attention to quality For employees: 1.Monotonous work 2.Limited opportunities for advancement 3.Little control over work 4.Little opportunity for self-fulfillment LO 7.3

7-6 Job Enlargement Giving a worker a larger portion of the total task by horizontal loading Job Rotation Workers periodically exchange jobs Job Enrichment Increasing responsibility for planning and coordination tasks, by vertical loading LO 7.4

7-7 Quality of work life affects not only workers’ overall sense of well-being and contentment, but also their productivity Important aspects of quality of work life: How a worker gets along with co-workers Quality of management Working conditions Compensation LO 7.5

7-8 ManagementWorker TIME-BASED Advantages 1.Stable labor costs 2.Easy to administer 3.Simple to compute pay 4.Stable Output 1.Stable pay 2.Less pressure to produce than under output system Disadvantages 1.No incentive for workers to increase output 1.Extra efforts not rewarded OUTPUT-BASED Advantages 1.Lower cost per unit 2.Greater output 1.Pay related to efforts 2.Opportunity to earn more Disadvantages 1.Wage computation more difficult 2.Need to measure output 3.Quality may suffer 4.Difficult to incorporate wage increases 5.Increased problems with scheduling 1.Pay fluctuates 2.Workers may be penalized because of factors beyond their control (e.g., machine breakdown) LO 7.6

7-9 Methods Analysis Analyzing how a job gets done It begins with an analysis of the overall operation It then moves from general to specific details of the job concentrating on Workplace arrangement Movement of workers and/or materials LO 7.7

7-10 Motion study Systematic study of the human motions used to perform an operation Motion Study Techniques Motion study principles – guidelines for designing motion- efficient work procedures Analysis of therbligs – basic elemental motions into which a job can be broken down Micromotion study – use of motion pictures and slow motion to study motions that otherwise would be too rapid to analyze Charts – activity or process charts, simo charts (simultaneous motions) LO 7.8

7-11 Standard time The amount of time it should take a qualified worker to complete a specified task, working at a sustainable rate, using given methods, tools and equipment, raw material inputs, and workplace arrangement. Commonly used work measurement techniques Stopwatch time study Historical times Predetermined data Work sampling LO 7.9

7-12 Stopwatch Time Study Used to develop a time standard based on observations of one worker taken over a number of cycles. Standard Elemental Times are derived from a firm’s own historical time study data. Predetermined time standards involve the use of published data on standard elemental times. Work sampling a technique for estimating the proportion of time that a worker or machine spends on various activities and idle time. LO 7.10

7-13 Used to develop a time standard based on observations of one worker taken over a number of cycles. Basic steps in a time study: 1. Define the task to be studied and inform the worker who will be studied 2. Determine the number of cycles to observe 3. Time the job, and rate the worker’s performance 4. Compute the standard time LO 7.10

7-14 Work sampling is a technique for estimating the proportion of time that a worker or machine spends on various activities and the idle time. Work sampling does not require timing an activity or involve continuous observation of the activity Uses: 1. ratio-delay studies which concern the percentage of a worker’s time that involves unavoidable delays or the proportion of time a machine is idle. 2. analysis of non-repetitive jobs. LO 7.11

7-15 Advantages 1.Observations are spread out over a period of time, making results less susceptible to short-term fluctuations 2.There is little or no disruption of work 3.Workers are less resentful 4.Studies are less costly and less time-consuming, and the skill requirements of the analyst are much less 5.Studies can be interrupted without affecting the results 6.No timing device is required 7.It is well suited for nonrepetitive tasks Disadvantages 1.There is much less detail on the elements of a job 2.Workers may alter their work patterns when they spot the observer, thereby invalidating the results 3.In many cases, there is no record of the method used by the worker 4.Observers may fail to adhere to a random schedule of observations 5.It is not well suited for short, repetitive tasks 6.Much time may be required to move from one workplace to another and back to satisfy the randomness requirement LO 7.12