Cattell ( ) & Eysenck ( )

Factor Analysis Statistics technique Based on correlations  Correlation coefficient - a measure of the association between two variables 0 = no association +1 = strong positive association –1 = strong negative association

Correlations Positive CorrelationNegative Correlation lowhighlowhigh low

Factor Analysis Correlation matrix assertconfcomptalkcheeralertthouIQ assertive confident competitive talkative cheerful alert thoughful IQ -

Cluster analysis  Factor - cluster of highly correlated measures (another word for “trait”)

16 Source Traits Measured by Cattell’s Questionnaire “16PF” Warmth Reasoning Emotional Stability Dominance Liveliness Rule-Consciousness Social Boldness Sensitivity Vigilance Abstractedness Privateness Apprehension Openness to Change Self-Reliance Perfectionism Tension

The 16 Factor Theory: Cattell surface traits:  traits that are correlated, but correlation is superficial (grouping them together does not really explain behavior) source traits:  basic, underlying grouping of personality traits that cause behavior  Found 16 source traits  Constitutional source traits  Environmental-mold traits

Beyond Personality Tests Three Sources of Data  Q-data: questionnaire data (16PF, etc.)  T-data: objective test data (reaction time, etc.)  L-data: life record data (tickets, etc.)

Nomothetic and Idiographic Approaches: R-technique  nomothetic  studies groups P-technique  idiographic  studies individuals

Eysenck’s Views of Personality Superfactors or types a. Extroversion (vs Introversion) b. Neuroticism (vs Stability) c. Psychoticism

Biological Bases of Personality Early version  emphasized excitation/inhibition Later version  emphasized the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) visceral brain (VB)

Is Anatomy Destiny? Cattell: Some traits are heritable; others are environmental Eysenck: Superfactors are heritable

Psychopathology Cattell: Two Approaches  Imbalance of normal traits  12 Abnormal traits Eysenck  Abnormally high levels of the 3 superfactors

Psychotherapy Cattell  Personality testing should precede therapy  Eclectic approach to therapy Eysenck  Personality testing should precede therapy  Only scientifically demonstrated therapies should be used (ie, behavior therapy okay, psychoanalysis not okay)

The Big Five

The 5-factor model OPENNESS CONSCIENTIOUSNESS EXTRAVERSION AGREEABLENESS NEUROTICISM "ocean"

openness original imaginative daring has broad interests aesthetically sensitive needs variety liberal in values

Conscientiousness careful well-organized punctual ambitious persevering

Extraversion sociable fun-loving affectionate friendly

Agreeableness forgiving lenient sympathetic agreeable softhearted

Neuroticism worried insecure self-conscious temperamental

Heritability of the 5 factors.36 extraversion.28 agreeableness.31 neuroticism.28 conscientiousness.46 openness (Loehlin, 1992, p. 67)