Itrat Rasool Quadri ST ID 220248 COE-543 Wireless and Mobile Networks Performance Evaluation of Routing Algorithms in Wireless Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks Itrat Rasool Quadri ST ID 220248 COE-543 Wireless and Mobile Networks

Table of Contents Introduction MANET Routing Protocols DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm) STAR (Source Tree Adaptive Routing) Factors Involved in Simulation Based Evaluation Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in Real Environment Effect of Mobility and Workload Performance Comparisons Case Studies Related Work Future Work Conclusion

DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) Routing Protocol Each Routing Table List all destinations and number of hops to each Each Route is tagged with a sequence number originated by destination Updates are transmitted periodically and when there is any significant topology change Routing information is transmitted by broadcast

DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) Routing Protocol

DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) Features: - On Demand (Reactive) Routing Protocol - Source Routing DSR is based on two mechanisms Route Discovery: - Route Request - Route Reply Route Maintenance: - Route Error Each node maintains Route Cache

Route Discovery A sends E a message Lookup Route Cache for route A - E Route found? Start Route Discovery Protocol Buffer packet no Write route in packet header yes Continue normal processing Route Discovery finished wait yes Send packet to first host in header Packet buffered? no done

When any host receives a route request <init, id> in list of recently seen requests? Accept route request packet Discard route request yes no Host’s address already in route record Discard route request yes Append myAddr to route record no myAddr=target no Store <init,id> in list yes Send route reply packet Broadcast packet done

AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) Pure on-demand protocol Node does not need to maintain knowledge of another node unless it communicates with it Broadcast discovery packets only when necessary Distinguish between local connectivity and general topology maintenance To disseminate Information about changes in local connectivity to those neighboring nodes that are likely to need it

AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector)

ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) Hybrid Protocol – combines advantages of Reactive & Proactive Protocols Proactively maintains information within a local zone Reactively routes to out-of-zone nodes Adjustable range of nodes

ZRP Example 1 Hop 2 Hops Multi Hops B F A C D E G H

TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm) On demand, source initiated routing Distributed in that nodes only maintain one hop knowledge Provides multiple routes to alleviate congestion Creates loop free routes Handles partitions by erasing invalid routes.

TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm) Algorithm Overview Route Creation: establish sequence of directed links from source to destination. this is done by forming destination oriented DAG Route Maintenance: Reaction to topology changes in order to reestablish routes Route Erasure: When a partition is detected in the network, all invalid routes must be removed from the network. this is done by making directed routes undirected

STAR (Source Tree Adaptive Routing) Routers in star communicate their source routing trees to their neighbors either incrementally or in atomic updates It performs efficient routing in packet radio networks using link-state information.

STAR (Source Tree Adaptive Routing)

Factors Involved in Simulation Based Evaluation Environmental Factors Size or shape of simulation area: This factor, for its size, can be related to the node density. If area shape is more rectangular, it leads to longer routes Radio Radio transmission range in meters Bandwidth in kBytes/second MAC Protocol Data Flow Buffers in packets Packet size in bytes Traffic type Mobility Model Mobility, effects almost all of the outcomes, especially the protocol accuracy

Effect of Mobility and Workload End-to-end Delay End-to-end Throughput Control Packets Overhead Successful Packet Delivery Path Optimality Energy Consumption Power Consumption

DSDV Performance Comparison

DSR Performance

AODV Performance

ZRP Performance

Performance Comparison of All Routing Protocols

Performance Comparison of All Routing Protocols

Case Studies

Related Work PRNet (Packet Radio Network) ARP SSA (Signal Stability Based Adaptive) ABR (Associativity Based Routing Routing)

Future Work DSDV AODV ZRP TORA

Conclusion Quick route maintenance Power awareness (AODV) Processing (DSDV, TORA) Control Messages (TORA, DSR) Load Distribution (AODV) Choice for networks (AODV, DSDV)