1 These are the Skills You Need to Build a House – What’s Missing?

2 What You Need is the Architecture! What is the function of each room? What rooms should interconnect? Where does the plumbing go? How is the wiring laid out? What rooms should not be adjacent? What rooms should be clustered? What about the HVAC layout?

3 The Architecture Provides The Plan The architecture answers these questions: How can the functions be grouped? How should the groups be arranged? What interconnections are necessary? What isolations are necessary?

4 PRODUCT ARCHITECTURE Sources: Ulrich KT and Eppinger SD, Product Design and Development, 3rd ed., McGraw Hill, 2004 Reinertsen DG, Managing the Design Factory: A Product Developer’s Toolkit, Free Press, 1997

5 Elements of Products Functional elements: individual operations and transformations that contribute to the overall performance of the product –often combined into modules Physical elements: the parts, components, and sub-assemblies that ultimately implement the product’s functions.

6 What is Product Architecture? The scheme by which the functional elements of the product are arranged into physical chunks (modules) and by which the physical chunks interact (at interfaces). Module AModule B Interface

7 Planning Product Development Process Concept Development Concept Development System-Level Design System-Level Design Detail Design Detail Design Testing and Refinement Testing and Refinement Production Ramp-Up Production Ramp-Up Product architecture is determined early in the development process. Platform decision Concept decision Decomposition decision

8 Product Architecture: Definition The arrangement of functional elements into physical chunks which become the building blocks for the product or family of products. Product module

9 Primary Types of Product Architecture Modular Nonmodular (Integral) Most products have some degree of modularity!

10 Modular Architecture Chunks (modules) implement one or several elements Interactions between chunks (at interfaces) –must be well-defined –fundamental to the primary functions of the product Modular architecture - allows a design change in one chunk (module) without requiring changes to other chunks (other modules)

11 Modular Product Architectures Characteristics: 1) Chunks (modules) implementing one or a few functions entirely, and 2) well-defined interactions between chunks (interfaces). Swiss Army Knife Sony Walkman

Examples Video Games –Modular: gaming systems (e.g. GameCube) –Integrated: stand-alone arcade games Power Supplies –Modular: power bricks –Integrated: on-board power converter

13 Types of Modularity Slot- modular architecture Bus- modular architecture Sectional-modular architecture

14 Slot-Modular Architecture each interface between chunks different - various chunks cannot be interchanged example: automobile radio - implements exactly one function, but interface different from any other components in the vehicle

15 Bus-Modular Architecture a common bus to which chunks connect via the same type of interface examples: track-lighting, shelving system with rails, expansion card for PC

16 Sectional-Modular Architecture all interfaces of same type, but no single element to which all other chunks attach assembly built by connecting chunks to each other via identical interfaces examples: piping systems, office partitions

17 Modular Architecture of the Sony Walkman

18 Trailer Example: Modular Architecture box hitch fairing bed springs wheels protect cargo from weather connect to vehicle minimize air drag support cargo loads suspend trailer structure transfer loads to road A 1-to-1 correspondence between modules and functions.

Advantage of Modular Design: HP products are designed to be recycled. Recycling design features include: Modular design to allow components to be removed, upgraded or replaced Eliminating glues and adhesives, for example, by using snap-in features Marking plastic parts weighing more than 25g according t ISO international standards, to speed up materials identification during recycling Reducing the number and types of materials used Using single plastic polymers Using molded-in colors and finishes instead of paint, coatings or plating Relying on modular designs for ease of disassembly of dissimilar recyclable materials

20 Integral Architecture (Nonmodular) Functional elements of the product are implemented using more than one chunk A single chunk implements many functional elements Interactions between chunks ill-defined, may be incidental to the primary functions of the products Used with products with highest possible performance in mind

21 Trailer Example: Integral (Nonmodular) Architecture upper half lower half nose piece cargo hanging straps spring slot covers wheels protect cargo from weather connect to vehicle minimize air drag support cargo loads suspend trailer structure transfer loads to road

What is this?

Nail Clippers?

Ford Taurus Integrated Control Panel

25 Other Examples Modular architecture –Xerox copier –Personal computer –Residential AC units Singular (nonmodular) architecture –Table knife –High-performance transmission –Precision-ground bearings

Integral vs. Modular Integral Higher system performance Lower system cost (in large volume) Tightly coupled design teams Expensive Tooling Hard to change Modular Changeability Decoupled design teams Reduced performance Requires flexible manufacturing Cheaper at low volumes

27 Establishing the Architecture To establish an architecture: 1.create a schematic of the product 2.cluster the elements of the schematic to achieve the types of product variety desired. 3.define the interfaces

28 The Concepts of Integral and Modular Apply at Several Levels system sub-system component

29 Product Architecture = Decomposition + Interactions Interactions within chunks Interactions across chunks

30 Schematic For A Wristwatch Source:

31 Schematic For A Telephone Base Source:

32 Product Architecture Example: Hewlett-Packard DeskJet Printer

33 DeskJet Printer Schematic Store Output Store Blank Paper Enclose Printer Provide Structural Support Print Cartridge Position Cartridge In X-Axis Position Paper In Y-Axis Supply DC Power “Pick” Paper Control Printer Command Printer Connect to Host Communicate with Host Display Status Accept User Inputs Flow of forces or energy Flow of material Flow of signals or data Functional or Physical Elements

34 Cluster Elements into Chunks (Modules) Store Output Store Blank Paper Enclose Printer Provide Structural Support Print Cartridge Position Cartridge In X-Axis Position Paper In Y-Axis Supply DC Power “Pick” Paper Control Printer Command Printer Connect to Host Communicate with Host Display Status Accept User Inputs Paper Tray Print Mechanism Logic Board Chassis Enclosure User Interface Board Host Driver Software Power Cord and “Brick” Functional or Physical Elements Chunks

35 Geometric Layout The 3-D Schematic

36 Incidental Interactions Enclosure Paper Tray Chassis Print Mechanism User Interface Board Logic Board Power Cord and “Brick” Host Driver Software Styling Vibration Thermal Distortion RF Interference RF Shielding

37 Product Architecture Objectives Product architecture can be optimized to achieve certain economic objectives –Development Expense –Unit Cost –Product Performance –Development Schedule

38 Using Product Architecture to Achieve Economic Objectives Three key factors to consider when using architecture to achieve economic objectives 1.How modular to make the product (if at all) 2.How to handle variability within the system 3.How to manage the internal interfaces

39 1. Product Architecture and Modularity Two economic objectives most affected by modularity: –Lower development expenses Modules separated from each other except at the interfaces; internal workings immaterial Modules can be reused (no new development, no new testing) –Lower development cycle time Modularity permits concurrent development

40 The Dark Side of Modular Architecture Cost –Interfaces don’t come for free Usually require connectors, couplings, flanges, lines of code; may require special attention to tolerances and alignment Performance –Interfaces are potential bottlenecks –Modular system performance is usually less than with a tightly coupled, nonmodular system Mechanical systems: weak spot is usually the interface, not the components Electrical systems: connectors often limit bandwidth or reliability

41 Product Architecture --The End