CHAPTER 3 – CIRCULATION Lesson 2 – A Closer Look at Blood Vessels

Arteries When blood leaves the heart, it travels through arteries. The first branches called the coronary arteries carry blood to the heart itself. Other branches carry blood to the intestines, brain, and other organs. The wall of arteries are generally very thick. Artery walls consist of three cell layers. The outer wall is made up of connective tissue. The middle layer is mostly muscle tissue. The innermost layer is made up of epithelial tissue.

Pulse The alternating expansion and relaxation of the artery walls is felt by a pulse. Every time the heart’s ventricles contract. They send a spurt of blood out through all the arteries in your body. When you count the number of times an artery pulses beneath your fingers, you are counting heartbeats.

Capillaries In capillaries, materials are exchanged between the blood and the body’s cells. Capillary walls are only one cell thick. Thus materials can pass through them easily. One way that materials are exchanged between the blood and body cells is diffusion.

Veins After blood moves through capillaries, it enters larger blood vessels called veins, which carry blood back to the heart. The walls of veins, like those of arteries, have three layers, with muscle in the middle layer. By the time blood flows into veins, the pushing force of the heart has much less effort than it did in the arteries.

Blood Pressure Blood traveling through blood vessels behaves in a manner similar to that of water moving through a hose. Blood exerts a force called blood pressure, against the walls of blood vessels. Blood pressure is caused by the force with which the ventricles contract. Blood flowing through the arteries exerts high pressure. Blood pressure in arteries from the heart is much lower. Blood pressure can be measured with an instrument called a sphygmomanometer.