Boulby International Subsurface Astrobiology Laboratory (BISAL) Charles Cockell, Sean Paling, David Pybus, David McLuckie et al.

Boulby Mine A working potash and rock-salt mine on the North East of England. Operated by Cleveland Potash Ltd. Major local employer - ~1000 direct and 4000 indirect employment. Middlesborough Whitby Staithes York Potash `View from Staithes Deepest mine in Britain – 1100m deep (2805mwe) – Cosmic ray muon flux reduced by 10 6

ZEPLIN-III DRIFT-II SKY ‘JIF’ Science Facilities (opened 2003). ‘Palmer Lab’: a 100+m, fully equipped underground lab. Power, internet and telephone communications, lifting, air conditioning / filtration, clean room. ‘John Barton’ surface facility: Workshop, facility monitoring, office and administration, PPE, storage, chemistry lab, changing rooms. Boulby Science facilities A QUIET place in the Universe

The mission of the UK Centre for Astrobiology is to advance our understanding of molecules and life in extreme environments on the Earth and beyond. It does this by a combination of theoretical, laboratory, field and mission approaches. We apply this knowledge to improving the quality of life on Earth and developing space exploration as two mutually enhancing objectives.

Research Affiliate Nodes (RANs)

Astrobiology/geomicrobiology science at Boulby:  Life in the deep subsurface  Life in deep salts  Deep cycling of elements  Geobiology, Geochemistry and Geophysics of deep subsurface environments  Life at below surface background radiation  Life in extreme environments/life elsewhere

The search for life on Mars Mars is covered in salts We need to know about life in anaerobic salty environments to be able to explore Mars Seeps of salty water on Mars McEwan et al. (2011) Science 333, 740

We already know that Boulby is scientifically interesting for the study of life Study of shales in the interior of Boulby cliffs revealed:  New insights into how microbes interact with minerals.  New types of microbes associated with shales  Links between microbes and coastal erosion. Work supported by CPL The study of the link between microbes and coastal erosion Cockell CS, Pybus D, Olsson-Francis K, Kelly L, Petley D, Rosser N, Howard K, Mosselmans F Molecular Characterization and Geological Microenvironment of a Microbial Community Inhabiting Weathered Receding Shale Cliffs. Microbial Ecology 61, This work was reported in the STFC Diamond annual report.

Boulby ‘Palmer Lab’ Stub A Low Background Lab AB DRIFT-I store Mess Gas/fire sensor control Entrance corridor gas sensors ZEPLIN-II Germanium Detector / castle Workshop Store DRIFT-II Control room Class 10,000 Clean room Class 1,000 Clean room ~70m ~20m ~6m 5m Materials End Store Main Hall Clean off area People entrance Materials entrance ZEPLIN-III SKY

Existing Deep Subsurface Laboratories - The International Context LaboratoryDepthSubstrate Boulby International Subsurface Astrobiology Laboratory, Yorkshire, UK 1.1 kmPermian salt Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, Ontario 2.07 kmNorite granite Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane, France 1.75 kmSchistes lustres Gran Sasso National Laboratory, Italy 1.4 kmDolomite and limestone Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory, Sweeden 500 mDorite, granite and greenstone HADES Laboratory, Belgium224 mBoom clay BISAL will be: -First permanent subsurface astrobiology laboratory -First permanent subsurface microbiology laboratory in salts -One of the world’s deepest permanent microbiology laboratories

Caves on Mars Boulby as a Mars and Moon analogue environment Subsurface environments teach us how to explore (and exploit) caves on the moon and Mars

Subsurface environments on Mars provide protection from: 1) UV radiation 2) Ionising radiation on the surface of Mars - and might therefore be good places to search for life in the subsurface of Mars and to understand past geochemical processes in general To explore these environments we need to know more about:  Life in the deep subsurface  How to study life in the deep subsurface  What technologies we might use in the subsurface Boulby provides the ideal environment to develop methods and approaches for the exploration of Mars.

Boulby surface Mine The mine is to be used to test rovers for the subsurface exploration of the Moon and Mars Rovers MINAR – Mining and Analogue Research

Boulby as a Mars Analog – the NASA link Lim et al 2010 Lim et al 2010, Planetary Space Science

SCIENCE SUPPORT TOOLS: Mission architectures used at Pavilion Lake would be transferred to Boulby Fiber Optic Tether: Approx 200 meters of tether connect the submersible to the surface control vessel. Surface Control Vessel: The surface vessel has a fiber optic to Ethernet converter similar to the hardware used on the DeepWorker. Two way “hardwire voice communication are available as well as real time video from the submersible’s main camera. This Ethernet data can then be broadcast wirelessly using the existing network system to the Science Back-Room. CapCom Navigator StenoDriver WinFrog Stenographer Tools Through Water Comms Topside Deep Worker Pilot Surface Data System

Team NASA – Coming to Boulby Team members have supported every major NASA field deployment including the Pavilion Lake Research Project, NEEMO, DRATs, RESOLVE and the Haughton Mars Project. Science, engineering and operations expertise represented NASA and US science participation in Boulby Mine activities will be coordinated by Darlene Lim at NASA Ames

Boulby and Instrumentation for Earth and Space Exploration  A major challenge in space exploration is miniaturising instrumentation because of the mass and energy cost of transporting materials into space. This is true for both robotic and human exploration. BISAL will allow us to test life detection and general analytical technologies (e.g. IR and Raman spectroscopy, portable XRD and XRF etc) that could be used in space exploration missions and applied to Earth-based problems such as mining safety. BISAL will provide a new capability to develop instrumentation for extreme environments on the Earth and in space

Meetings How is this to be done?..by a three day workshop “Boulby/BISAL as an extraterrestrial analogue” April 22-24, 2013 Two days of visiting the mine (April 22-23) with discussions on the architecture of a Mars/Moon analogue programme followed by One day workshop (April 24): ‘From Outer Space to Mining’ -Focused on how we can take space technologies (such as STFC-funded technologies) and apply them to mining safety and mineral extraction

Summary of BISAL What is the BISAL?  A Palmer-lab based facility to allow for the study of life in extreme subsurface environments, particularly salts.  A facility to assist in the development of instrumentation for the exploration of extreme terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments and its application to solving Earth-based problems, particularly in mining safety, mineral exploitation and geostorage  A facility to ignite international excitement for astrobiology and the study of life in extreme environments.  Linked to the NASA Astrobiology Institute through the UK Centre for Astrobiology at Edinburgh.

How will BISAL work? Practicalities  Establishment of basic clean sample collection, culturing facilities, sample analysis and DNA extraction in the BISAL lab in the existing Palmer lab.  Site visits for work several times a year for 2-3 days each time depending on interest and level of involvement (students, postdocs etc). Logistics  Science coordination and work overseen by UKCA, the UK Centre for Astrobiology, based at the University of Edinburgh in co-ordination with Boulby/CPL.  Site logistics in co-ordination with Sean Paling, STFC.