Kundenlogo Case Discussion FAU Erlangen Wolfgang Freisinger A 54-Day-old Premature Girl with Respiratory Distress and Persistent Pulmonary Infiltrates

Seite 2 Chief Complaint A 54-day-old girl was admitted to the hospital because of recurrent respiratory distress and failure to gain weight

Seite 3 SH - Mother 38-year old woman ( gravida 2, para 0 ) –Group B, Rhesus positive blood –Immune to rubella, negative serologic test for syphilis Smoking during pregnancy –Less than 1 pack a day Respiratory tract infection several weeks before delivery –Treatment with erythromycine was successfull

Seite 4 PMH - Child Delayed fetal growth Born at 35 ½ weeks gestation by urgent cesarean section, performed after detection of meconium on amniocentesis and increased fetal heart rate Birth weight was 1520g Is she a high-risk-infant ? –Yes, because of underweight, premature birth, mother smoking, meconium stained fluid APGAR: 7 after one minute, 8 at five minutes, no resuscitation was required

Seite 5 PMH - Child (2) Stable during and after brief administration of supplemental oxygen No evidence of meconium aspiration Placenta was small and showed a small, healed infarct Tests for CMV and toxoplasmosis were negative

Seite – ,75 1,500-3,000/mm³ 84, ,

Seite 7 HPI – 4th day of life child was transferred elsewhere for feeding and growth

Seite 8 HPI – 8th day of life Development of a diaper rash No response to multiple measures –Alternatives to cow milk dont bring any benefit

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Seite 10 HPI – 26th Day of Life Child is in tachypnea, with intercostal retractions

Seite 11 CXR 26th day of life Anteroposterior Film of the Chest on the 26th Day of Life. The lungs are hyperinflated, with bilateral streaky opacities in a parahilar, peribronchial distribution. The heart appears normal, and the superior mediastinal contour is narrow. There is a bone-within-bone appearance of the vertebral bodies and anterior flaring of the ribs.

Seite 12 CXR 26th Day of Life Lateral Film of the Chest on the 26th Day of Life. The lungs are hyperinflated, with bilateral streaky opacities in a parahilar, peribronchial distribution. The heart appears normal, and the superior mediastinal contour is narrow. There is a bone-within-bone appearance of the vertebral bodies and anterior flaring of the ribs.

Seite 13 HPI – 26th Day of Life Management ? Specimens were obtained for culture Administration of Gentamicin and Ampicilline

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Seite 15 CXR 30th day of life Air – space Disease in the right upper lobe, a finding consistent with the presence of atelectasis

Seite 16 HPI – 30th Day of Life Blood cultures were positive for coagulase-negative streptococci Administration of antibiotics for additional 11 days Condition improved

Seite 17 HPI – 36th Day of Life Radiographic findings had improved

Seite 18 HPI – 40th Day of Life Three days after the end of the antibiotic treatment : tachypnea recurred But : another radiograph still shows improvement What would you do? Administration of Cefuroxime, Clindamycin and Cisapride Babys conditon improves again

Seite 19 HPI – 44th Day of Life CXR again shows abnormalities Infant ist transferred to hospital this day

Seite 20 PE Axillary Temp. 36,2°C Pulse: 99 Respirations 70 / min while breathing oxygen by nasal cannula BP: 105/90

Seite 21 PE Length 41cm (below 2 SD of new born) Weight 2100g (below 2 SD of new born) Head circumference: 34.5 cm (1 SD below the mean) Lungs: occasional wheezes and scattered fine crackles are heard bilaterally Minimal subcostal retractions Liver edge palpable 5mm below right costal margin

Seite 22 Assessment 44-day-old premature girl with recurrent respiratory distress, severe lymphopenia and failure to gain weight

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Seite 26 Cultures and serologic studies No evidence of –Chlamydia –RSV –Adenovirus –Influenza A Virus

Seite 27 Stool specimen No ova or parasites

Seite 28 Initial Treatment Erythromycine and multivitamin Albuterol by nebulizer Axillary temperature does not exceed 37.7° but is normal on most occasions

Seite 29 Stained blood smear Anisocytosis (+) Poikilocytosis (+) Polychromatophilia (+) Hypochromia (+) Many microcytes Few macrocytes Rare teardrop cells and schistocytes 2 nucleated red cells per 100 white cells

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Seite 31 Effect of the therapy Infants condition improves and remains stable for several days Considerable mucus production and coughing Moderate respiratory distress (50-60/min) Axillary temp 36,4°C Pulse 179 /min SpO 2 : 89 %

Seite 32 ABG While breathing supplemental oxygen Oxygen: 137 mmHg Carbon Dioxide: 46 mmHg pH 7.39 Bicarbonate 28 mmol/l

Seite 33 CXR After Initial Treatment Resolution of pulmonary abnormalities

Seite 34 Upper GI Series Normal findings

Seite 35 DD AIDS/ HIV Infection Intestinal Lymphangiectasia Severe Combined Immunodeficiency SCID

Seite 36 AIDS Could explain this form of prolonged and profound lymphopenia in adults But in this case –There is no evidence for HIV-Infection of the mother –No risk factors of the mother are known –CD4 + Lyomphopenia is manifested later in life –No clinical features or lymphadenopathy characterisic of pediatric AIDS

Seite 37 Intestinal lymphangiectasia Leads to extensive lymphopenia and accumulation of lymphocytes in the gut BUT: – Infants are immunocompetent and do not aquire early opportunistic infections –The absence of diarrhea makes this diagnosis unlikely

Seite 38 Forms of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency ( SCID ) SCID with deficient T- cells and normal or high levels of B-cells –X-linked form (common -chain-deficiency) –Autosomal recessive form: Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) deficiency SCID with deficient T-cells and B-cells –Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency –Defect in Recombinase activating gene (RAG) 1 or 2 –Reticular dysgenesis

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Seite 40 Red Cell Studies Absence of adenosine deaminase activity and elevated levels of deoxyadenosine triphosphate Levels of purine nucleoside phosphorylase normal

Seite 41 Peripheral blood lymphocytes No proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin

Seite 42 SCID due to ADA-Deficiency Autosomal - recessive form; 20% of all SCID patients Due to various mutations in the ADA gene Accumulation of adenosine, deoxyadenosine deoxyadenosine triphosphate and S-Adenosy-L- homocysteine are toxic to lymphocytes this causes the immunodeficiency ADA-SCID presents with a more severe lymphopenia than other forms of SCID (absol. counts < 500/mm³)

Seite 43 Clinical Presentation of SCID due to ADA Lymphopenia with marked depletion of T and B lymphocytes Normal or increased NK Cells No corticomedullary demarcation of the thymus (Absence of Hassalls bodies and thymocytes) Lymphnodes retain their normal architecture but contain only very few lymphocytes Rib cage abnormalities similar to rachitic rosary, predominantly at the costochondral junctions, the apophyses of the iliac bones and in the vertebral bodies

Seite 44 Clinical Presentation of SCID due to ADA (2) Circulating B-cells may present in some patients Severity depends on the type of mutation in the ADA gene and the resulting degree of the ADA definciency Growth and developmental abnormalities, including neurologic and osseous findings, have been observed

Seite 45 SCID Treatment of the Patient Our patient was treated with polyethylene-glycol – modified adenosine intramuscularly, initially twice a week, guided by the levels of ADA and the toxic metabolites She began smiling and interacting with the environment already after two doses of ADA Suspected P. carinii infection was treated with Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole i.v.

Seite 46 SCID Treatment HLA identical or haploidentical bone marrow transplantation without chemotherapy –first perfomed in 1969 –graft-versus-host disease is uncommon –Survival ~100% for HLA identical and 78% for haploidentical graft Gene therapy Substitution of the enzyme

Seite 47 Follow Up 500 mg immunoglobuline per kilogram every three or four weeks will give her enough protection No live vaccinating agents She is expected to grow and develop normally The cartilaginous abnormalities should disappear She can have a normal diet

Seite 48 Thank you for your attention