Fall 2013 Select Issues With Respect to the Filing of Chapter 9 Bankruptcy by the City of Detroit J. Robert Stoll Mayer Brown LLP Visiting Professor University of Belgrade Faculty of Law Aaron Gavant Mayer Brown LLP U.S. Workout/Insolvency Law Course University of Belgrade Faculty of Law FALL 2014

I.Filing of Chapter 9 Bankruptcy by City of Detroit – July 18, 2013 II.Liabilities of the City of Detroit: Total of approximately $18B, consisting of: – $5.85B - special revenue obligations – $6.4B - post employment benefits – $3.5B - underfunded pension liability – $1.3B - secured and unsecured obligations – $1.43B - pension-related debt Approximately 100,000 Creditors 20,000+ current and retired employees Introduction 1

Select Legal Issues Regarding Chapter 9 Petition o Constitutionality under U.S. and Michigan State Constitutions o Does Chapter 9 of the Bankruptcy Code violate the U.S. constitution o Can the Bankruptcy Court determine the constitutionality of the Bankruptcy Code o Michigan Public Act 436 (2012) violates the Michigan constitution (and therefore Detroit is not validly authorized to file Chapter 9 bankruptcy case) o Does the Bankruptcy Court have the authority/jurisdiction to determine constitutionality of Michigan Public Act 436 2

o Eligibility o Detroit’s emergency manager is not an elected official and hence does not have authority to file Chapter 9 petition o Since Governor’s authorization to file Chapter 9 does not prohibit Detroit from impairing pension rights, authorization was not valid under the Michigan constitution and Section 109(c)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code. o Because a Michigan state court had determined that the City was precluded from filing Chapter 9, later filing was invalid Select Legal Issues Regarding Chapter 9 Petition 3

o City of Detroit is not insolvent – Section 109(c)(3), definition of insolvency – Section 101(32)(c) o City of Detroit does not desire “to affect the plan to adjust such debts” (Section 109(c)(4)) o City of Detroit did not negotiate in good faith (Section 109(c)(5)(B) o City of Detroit is not “unable to negotiate with creditors because such negotiation is impracticable” (Section 109(c)(5)(C)) o Chapter 9 Petition filed in bad faith (Section 921(c)) Select Factual Issues Regarding Chapter 9 Petition 4

Can reorganization plan for City of Detroit be proposed which does not pay retirement benefits in full Extent of City of Detroit insolvency Nature of “best interests” tests in municipal filing City of Detroit plan “feasibility” issues Potential Chapter 9 Plan Issues 5

Sale of city art collection (“Grand Bargain”) – Valuation of collection – Designation of proceeds for specific purpose Launching of regional water authority with other Michigan counties Whether absolute priority test is applicable to secured claims Disparate treatment of various unsecured creditors of similar rank – Pension claims – Insurers Potential Chapter 9 Plan Issues 6

U.S. Constitution o U.S. Constitution, Art. I, Sec. 8, Clause 2-- Power to establish bankruptcy laws: “The Congress shall have power to... establish... uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States...” o U.S. Constitution, Tenth Amendment – powers not given to federal government reserved for states: “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.” o U.S. Constitution, Art. VI, Clause 2 – “Supremacy clause”: “The Laws of the United States... shall be the supreme Law of the Land.” Selected Applicable Bankruptcy Code and State Law Provisions 7

11 U.S.C. § 101(32)(C) - definition of “insolvency” with respect to a municipality: (C) With reference to a municipality, financial condition such that the municipality is— (i) generally not paying its debts as they become due unless such debts are the subject of a bona fide dispute; or (ii) unable to pay its debts as they become due. Selected Applicable Bankruptcy Code and State Law Provisions 8

11 U.S.C. § 109(c) – eligibility to file under Chapter 9: (c) An entity may be a debtor under chapter 9 of this title if and only if such entity – (1) is a municipality; (2) is specifically authorized, in its capacity as a municipality or by name, to be a debtor under such chapter by State law, or by a governmental officer or organization empowered by State law to authorize such entity to be a debtor under such chapter; (3) is insolvent; (4) desires to effect a plan to adjust such debts; and (5) (A) has obtained the agreement of creditors holding at least a majority in amount of the claims of each class that such entity intends to impair under a plan in a case under such chapter; Selected Applicable Bankruptcy Code and State Law Provisions 9

11 U.S.C. § 109(c) cont. (B) has negotiated in good faith with creditors and has failed to obtain the agreement of creditors holding at least a majority in amount of the claims of each class that such entity intends to impair under a plan in a case under such chapter; (C) is unable to negotiate with creditors because such negotiation is impracticable; or (D) reasonably believes that a creditor may attempt to obtain a transfer that is avoidable under section 547 of this title.” Selected Applicable Bankruptcy Code and State Law Provisions 10

11 U.S.C. § 903 – Reservation of State power to control municipalities: This chapter does not limit or impair the power of a State to control, by legislation or otherwise, a municipality of or in such State in the exercise of the political or governmental powers of such municipality, including expenditures for such exercise, but – (1) A State law prescribing a method of composition of indebtedness of such municipality may not bind any creditor that does not consent to such composition; and (2) a judgment entered under such a law may not bind a creditor that does not consent to such composition. Selected Applicable Bankruptcy Code and State Law Provisions 11

11 U.S.C. § 904 – Limitation on jurisdiction and powers of court: Notwithstanding any power of the court, unless the debtor consents or the plan so provides, the court may not, by any stay, order, or decree, in the case or otherwise, interfere with—– (1) any of the political or governmental powers of the debtor; (2) any of the property or revenues of the debtor; or (3) the debtor’s use or enjoyment of any income-producing property. Selected Applicable Bankruptcy Code and State Law Provisions 12

Section § 943(b) – Chapter 9 Confirmation requirements: (b) The court shall confirm the plan if – (1) the plan complies with the provisions of this title made applicable by sections 103(e) and 901 of this title; (2) the plan complies with the provisions of this chapter; (3) all amounts to be paid by the debtor or by any person for services or expenses in the case or incident to the plan have been fully disclosed and are reasonable; (4) the debtor is not prohibited by law from taking any action necessary to carry out the plan; (5) except to the extent that the holder of a particular claim has agreed to a different treatment of such claim, the plan provides that on the effective date of the plan each holder of a claim of a kind specified in section 507(a)(2) of this title will receive on account of such claim cash equal to the allowed amount of such claim; Selected Applicable Bankruptcy Code and State Law Provisions 13

Section § 943(b) cont. (6) any regulatory or electoral approval necessary under applicable nonbankruptcy law in order to carry out any provision of the plan has been obtained, or such provision is expressly conditioned on such approval; and (7) the plan is in the best interests of creditors and is feasible. Selected Applicable Bankruptcy Code and State Law Provisions 14

Michigan State Law o Michigan Public Act 436 – Appointment of Emergency Manager o Michigan Constitution Article IX, § 24 – Protection of Public Pension Benefits: “The accrued financial benefits of each pension plan and retirement system of the state and its political subdivisions shall be a contractual obligation thereof which shall not be diminished or impaired thereby.” Selected Applicable Bankruptcy Code and State Law Provisions 15