Types of words – Woordsoorte Die selfstandige naamwoord (s.nw.) = the noun Meervoude = plurals , verkleinwoorde = diminunitives

S.NW – selfstandige naamwoord = the noun What is a noun? Anything you can see touch or feel – common noun **** this is a selfstandige naamwoord in Afrikaans **** A name of a person/place – proper noun **** this is a Eienaam in Afrikaans **** A feeling – abstract noun **** this is a Abstrakte s.nw. in Afrikaans**** A group of things – collective nouns **** this is a Versamelnaam in Afrikaans****

What can I do with S.NW.? There are two ways of asking about s.nw. Meervoude – Plurals Verkleinwoorde – Diminutives

Meervoude – Plurals In the question look for the word meervoud or baie or meer as een. Meervoude can be made by adding the following: e , s , ers, hede , ens, te There are different rules to follow by looking at the structure of the word. Always pay attention to the length of the word( the syllables) and the vowels.

Rule 1 : short words with just one vowel ** remember the vowels are the gansters of the alphabet world! Here there is only one ganster and he doesn’t like being alone. So he calls his fans and his friends ( entourage) to come and help him. Bv. man – there is one lonely ganster manne – We double the last letter of the word so the gangster has his friends with him Bv. kat – katte , mat – matte , ster – sterre, vis – visse

Rule 2: twin vowels – now I have two identical gangsters, they look the same and they sound the same. A gangster doesn’t want to be copied and the first born is the strongest. These vowels have a fight and the first born kicks the second over the consenant and he changes form – into a e. Bv maan – do you see the two identical gansters? mane – the first gangster kicks the second over the consenant and he changes to an e.

Do you see I just added an e ? Rule 3: words with double vowels – double vowels mean two different vowels together. Bv. dier - diere voet – voete huis – huise Do you see I just added an e ? Mixed vowels = + -e

Rule 4: double consenants Bv. Vark - varke dorp – dorpe present – presente Do you see I just added an e? Rule = double consenants + e

Do you see I just added an –s to all of these words? Rule 5: Words ending in –ing , words with more than one syllable ending in an –r and words that end –ie , words that end in a vowel but the stress of the word is on another part of the word: Bv. koning – konings ond/er/wys/er – onderwysers boompie – boompies ouma - oumas Do you see I just added an –s to all of these words?

Rule 6: words ending in - ig just add –te - bv. gesig - gesigte lig - ligte Rule 7: words ending in – ag just dropp the g and and e - bv. vraag – vrae dag – dae Rule 8: words ending in – heid becomes – hede bv. besigheid – besighede Moeilikheid – moeilikhede

One ganster therefore double the -w REMEMBER WORDS ENDING ON A –F ARE ALWAYS TROUBLE… JUST LIKE THAT F WORD Rule 9: word with a short vowel ending in a F Bv. gif – giwwe stof – stowwe straf – strawwe Rule 10: word with a twin vowel or a mixed vowel ending in a F Bv. Stoof – stowe slaaf – slawe duif -duiwe verf –verwe One ganster therefore double the -w 2 gansters so only one –w

Rule 11: words ending in –og Bv. oorlog - oorloë oog - oë elmboog - elmboë Rule 12: words that get a ë Bv. vlieg - vlieë ploeg - ploeë knieg - knieë Words get a –ë; if there are two of the same vowels ( 2 gangsters one cancels the other) The – g turns into a - ë

If the stress is on the last vowel use an ‘s Words ending in a vowel – where the stress ( emphasis) on the vowels. Bv. ma – ma’s pa – pa ‘s taxi – taxi ‘s skadu – skadu ‘s Words ending on – uig bv. vliegtuig - vliegtuie voertuig - voertuie vaartuig - vaartuie If the stress is on the last vowel use an ‘s The g is cancelled and replaced by an –e

Verkleinlwoorde dimunitives The clue is in the word verkleinwoorde – klein = to make something smaller. In the question look for words like klein, oulike, kort and so on. If you say klein before the word it might help you to “feel” it. Verkleinwoorde can be made by adding the following: ie, - tjie, - jie, - kie, -pie, -etjie There are different rules to follow by looking at the structure of the word. Always pay attention to the length of the word( the syllables) and the vowels

Rule 1: short vowel word that ends on a –k,-p,-g, and –s Bv. kas - kassie bek - bekkie rug – ruggie kop - koppie Rule 2: words that have twin vowels Bv. aap – apie rook – rokie neef – nefie One vowel means you have one lonely gangster – so you double the last letter of the word and add –ie. Twin vowels means you have two of the same gangster – so one gangster kills the other one and you add – ie.

Rule 3: if you have a word with a double consonant or a mixed vowel Bv. neus – neusie broek – broekie vurk – vurkie Rule 4: word ending with an –m Bv. boom – boompie stroom –stroompie arm –armpie skelm – skelmpie bruidegom – bruidegompie If you have a mixed vowel or two or more consonants add –ie Any word ending in an –m you just add –pie

Do you see that I just added a –tjie to all these words? Rule 5 : words with long vowels that end on a –n, words with double vowels and more than one syllable ending in -r and – l and – ie Bv. Boon – boontjie tuin – tuintjie skoen – skoentjie stoel – stoeltjie ta/fel – tafeltjie ron/da/wel – rondaweltjie vloer – vloertjie ven/ster – venstertjie sus/ter – sustertjie mandjie – mandjietjie vakansie – vakansietjie Meisie – meisietjie Do you see that I just added a –tjie to all these words?

If the word has only one vowel – that means one lonely gangster doubles the last letter of the word, if no lonely gangster then you just add- etjie . Rule 6: words with short vowels ending in –n, -m, -r, -l and a –ing Bv. kam - kammetjie som – sommetjie kar – karretjie ster – sterretjie man – mannetjie son – sonnetjie bal – balletjie rol – rolletjie ring – ringetjie slang – slangetjie long - longetjie

You just add –jie because the t or d is already there. Rule 7: if your word already ends in a –d or a –t Bv. hond – hondjie kat – katjie mond – mondjie boot – bootjie Rule 8: if you have a word with 2 or 3 syllables that ends in –ing Bv. koning - koninkie vergadering – veranderinkie tekening – tekeninkie heining – heininkie You just add –jie because the t or d is already there. G = gogga (bug) K = koning (king) A –g and a –k will never stand next to each other. The koning kills the gogga – you just add kie.

To make it plural just add –s Rule 9: when a word ends in an emphasised (stressed) vowel or if you have to make a letter or a number smaller. Bv. ma – ma ‘tjie pa – pa’tjie taxi – taxi’tjie skadu – skadu’tjie Gr 8 – Gr 8 ‘tjie A – A’tjie 20 – 20’tjie REMEMBER THAT WHEN A QUESTION IS IN PLURAL YOUR ANSWER MUST ALSO BE IN PLURAL Bv. honde – hondjies bome – boompies koppe - koppies In a word where it ends with the vowel and its stressed.. You use ‘tjie. Remember plurals! To make it plural just add –s