1 Static Electricity

What does the term static mean? 2 Not in motion Electricity? Involves electrons

3 Atomic model positively charged nucleus (protons) negatively charged electrons

4 Outer Part Elementary Charge electrons e-–1 Nucleus Protons p+ +1 neutrons n o 0 Neutral objects have same # p+ & e-. Charged objects have net p+ or e- Notation

When objects have excess or deficit of charge, can exert electrostatic force. 5

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7 Charged objects supply a force. Proof?

8 In solids, Charge transferred by e- only. How can we get positive charge object? Loss of e-.

Uncharged objects can feel electrostatic force too: by polarization 9

10 Polarization Atoms can be polarized by redistributing e-. Polarization is separation of charge not imbalance.

11 Charged balloon causes wall to become polarized.

12 Conservation Law applies to charge Although charge ( e-) can be transferred, charge cannot be created or destroyed. Sum of charges in system remains the same. For polarization the system is the balloon and the wall.

13 2 types of materials. Conductors – allow charges to move around – can be polarized. Insulators – hold excess charge in place – hard to polarize.

14 Conductors – materials that allow e- to move freely often redistribute charge. Metals are good conductors.

15 Metal conductors distribute charge uniformly.

16 Insulators – charges do not move freely. Tend to stay concentrated in one spot on object.

17 What’s happening here?

18 Water Stream Try at home.

19 Polarization produces only a surface charge.

20 Charging Objects: 1. Friction – rub 2 neutral objects together. Conduction - Contact with charged object. Induction – by bringing charged object in vicinity of neutral conductor.

21 Friction Works for insulators and conductors. Do objects get same or opposite charge? Opposite!

Why you get a shock. Charge yourself transfer e- either to or from your body to neutralize your charge. Always accompanied by E release. 22

23 Conduction: touch charged object to neutral object. Do objects get same or opposite charge? SAME!

Static Electricity 9:15 min _7FGMHY&feature=relmfu

25 Induction- – no touching of objects. Need to polarize & separate them.

26 Charging by induction conductors only. A ground can serve as an infinite source or sink of e-. Earth, your hand, floor, wall.

27 Charge an Electroscope by Induction

Charging By Induction 9:30 Min. BLAkhttp:// BLAk 28

Hwk Read Tx 17-1 Answer pg 633 #1-2, 4-6 pg 654 #1-10 not 3 Type or write it all including questions. 29

How do we measure amount of charge? Elementary Charge

Conductors will share elementary charges equally if they are allowed to touch. Example: 1. The elementary charge of each metal sphere below is shown. If they are allowed to touch, and are then separated, what will be the charge on each?

Total charge 3 – 6 – 9 = - 12 They will share the total charge so - 12/3 spheres = -4 charges each.

33 Determining Charge on electron.

Robert Millikan measured charge on e-

Millikan 1:15 MfYHag7Liw 35

36 Robert Millikan found charge is quantized. There is a smallest unit of charge. Charge can only exist in whole number integers of the charge on 1e-. Cannot have in between numbers.

Can an object have a charge of 3.53 x C? No x C ÷ 1.6 x C = 2.2. Charges must be whole number integrals of 1.6 x C. 37

38 Units of charge = coulombs (C) Charge on e- is -1.6 x C Charge on p+ is +1.6 x C or can consider fundamental units e- has charge –1 p+ has charge +1 Charge Units

39 It takes 6.25 x elementary charges (e- or p+) to carry 1 C of charge. Take the inverse of 1.6 x C.

2. What would be the charge on an object with 2.2 x excess electrons? 3.52 x C

3. How many protons does it take to carry C of charge? 6.25 x p+

42 4. What is the total charge (in C) on 6.2 x 10 8 electrons? 9.9 x C

5. A metal sphere with an excess of 2 x 10 9 electrons is connected to a sphere with a deficit of 1 x 10 9 electrons. What is the charge in Coulombs on each sphere before they’re connected? What is the charge in Coulombs on each after they’ve been connected?

44 Electrostatic Force Charles Coulomb measured force exerted on one charged object by another. He used torsion balance.

45 Coulomb’s Torsion Balance

46 Coulomb’s Law Relates Force btw. 2 charged objects. F e = kq 1 q 2 r 2 k = constant 8.99 x 10 9 N m 2 /C 2. q charge on obj in Coulombs (C) r is dist in meters. F is force (N)

Ex 1: An alpha particle is a nucleus with 2 protons and 2 neutrons. It is near a proton. 1.What is the charge in Coulombs of each? 2.They are separated by a distance of 3 nm. What is the force between them? 3.Is the force repulsive or attractive? 47

nucl = 3.2 x C. p+ = 1.6 x C. F = 5.11 x N 48

2: Two protons are m apart. Calculate: a) the gravitational attraction between them. B) the electrostatic force between them. C) what is the ratio between the forces. D) What do you think the sign + or – indicates for electrostatic force?

Hwk read text and pg 634 – 636 Do pg 636 #1-4 and pg 654 #1, 2, 6,

Textbook Probs Hwk read and pg 634 – 636 Read 634 – 636. Peruse example prb. Do: Pg 636 # 1 – 4 Show equations and work. & pg 655 #

52 Mech Universe “Static Electricity”

53 Electric Fields

Electric Fields region of space around charged object where a “test charge” feels an electrostatic force.

55 Electric Fields-Charge alters space around it. Charged objects feel a force. Either repulsion or attraction.

Electric Field (E) defined as: The force and direction a small positive “test” charge feels in presence of field created by a larger charge Q. E = F/q. E = Electric Field (N/C) F is force on test charge (N). q is amt of charge on test charge (C).

Ex 1: A charge of 2 C feels a force of 10 N in an electric field. What is the field strength at that point. E = F/q. = 10 N 2 C E = 5 N/C

Ex 2: How much force does a test charge with C feel in a field of 8 N/C? E = F e /q Fe = qE 0.4 C x 8 N/C = 3.2 N. 58

59 Ex 3. An electron is placed in a field of 100 N/C. a. What is the force on the electron? b. What is the acceleration of the electron?

60 Electric Field Strength is Inversely Proportional to Distance Around a Point Charge.

Sketching Electric Fields Do Now 61

Field Lines represent electric fields. Electric field lines show the force that a small positive test charge feels in a field created by a much larger charge. They represent the strength and direction of the field.

63 Sketch vectors to show force magnitude& direction on a + test charge at each point. +

64 Field around positive object.

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66 The denser the field lines are, the stronger the field. Stronger field near charge.

67 What are the field lines now?

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69 What if field was formed between parallel plates? Sketch it

70 Field Between Parallel Plates How would the strength of the field vary if a charge moves from the + to the – plate?

71 Fields have strength and direction. Density of lines shows strength. Direction shown as arrows. Direction is determined by a + test charge. Electric Field lines don’t touch or cross. Lines start on + end on neg.

Electric field due to more than one charge. Field is stronger near the larger charge. Density of lines show the increased strength.

E field due to more than one charge. Force due to more than one charge is the vector sum of all the forces on a charged particle.

Electrostatic Equilibrium Fields produced by more that a single charge will have spots where the forces on a charge in the field will be balanced. F net = 0.

Film Mech Universe E fields. 15 minutes. 75

76 Review Elec Field youtube lesson kahn. AZ2I&feature=relmfuhttp:// AZ2I&feature=relmfu Hwk elect field wksht and And Rev book 206 #2, 4, 7,9, 10-15, 24-25, 30-34

Work & Energy Electric Potential

Do Now. 1. Define gravitational PE. 2. How is Energy related to work. Explain. 78

Coulomb’s Law between 2 charged objects: F e = kq 1 q 2. r 2 As region of space. Electric Field F e = qE 79 We discussed Force due to charges in 2 ways?

What is the definition of Energy? Things that have E can do work. When work is done on an object it gains energy. 80 Do Charged particles in an electric field can have Energy?

Voltage Potential 81

It takes work to move charges in a field. 82 Where does a positive test charge have more PE – close to or far from a large positive sphere? + +

83 The amt of work done on every coulomb of charge moving it is called electric potential, V. V = W/q.W work in J q is charge in C. V is Volts = J/C. V defines the potential at P at a point. P is like a particular height in a gravity field.

Ex 1. It takes 150 x J to move a 2.0  C charge to point P. What is the electric potential (voltage) at P? V = W/q=150 x J = 75 V 2 x C How much PE did every C of charge gain? 75 J

85 To find PE or work done by E field: Since W =  PE and V = W/q: PE elc = qV also W = qV. PE – Joules Q – Coulombs V = Volts

Ex 2. The electric potential at point P is 12.0 V. A 3C charge is placed at P. What is the PE of q at P? PE = W = qV (3 C)(12 V) = 36 J

87 Ex 2b. If q = -2 C is moved to a point P = 12 V, What is the PE of q?  PE = qV (-2 C)(12 V) = -24 J q lost PE, the field did work on it. Think of the charge as falling.

Potential Difference Volage Dif betw 2 points in field ~  height Energy Dif involves moving charge in field = q  V A = 13 VB = 28 V pd = 28V – 13V = 15 V.

89 Potential Difference in a Uniform Field. The field intensity F/q between plates is constant, the work done (Fd) to move a charge between plates is constant, the potential difference (voltage) is constant.

Ex 3: What work must be done to move a +5  C charge from the – to the + plate in the 250 V pd across plates? W = q  V = (5 x C)(250 J/C - 0) = 1.25 x J. 250 V It helps to assume 1 plate is 0, the other is 250 Volts V

Moving Charges in Fields. As a charge moves thru a field, its total E (the  E) is constant. By consv of Energy. If a charges “falls” toward the oppositely charged plate its PE elc decreases, What increases? KE

Is acceleration between parallel plates uniform? Explain. Work done by field will accelerate charge: W =  KE = qV. So: beforeafter E T =E T. 92

93 Uniform Electric Fields Parallel Plates

94 There is a potential difference – voltage between the two plates based on their charge & distance between them. A +q near the positive plate is at a high potential (E). What is the potential of a proton stuck to the negative plate? (0)

95 How can I calculate PE of a mass in a gravity field? PE g = mgh 95 How can I calculate PE of a charge q in an Electric field? PE elc = qV.

Prove that V = Ed in uniform field V = W/q = Fd/q but F/q = E So V = Ed For parallel plates. 96

Hwk Reg Prob set “Intro to Voltage” p3fgbDnkY&list=UUN7TW2MSHt- VLT04z_-t2rg&index=13 Old but good Voltage Clip 9:36 min.

Define Gravitational Field Electric Field Electric Potential Electric Potential Difference 98

99 The electron-volt: unit of work & E. For very small changes in PE elc (on the order of J) unit eV is used. The electron-volt, eV, is the work & E required to push 1 e- (or p+) through a voltage of 1V. W = qV = (1.6 x C)(1V) = 1.6 x J = eV. 1.6 x J = eV

100 If 1 e- is pushed across 1V then (1e)(1V)= 1 eV of work is done. If a charge of 2e- is pushed across a 1V pd then (2e )(1V) = 2eV. If 2e- pushed across 6V then work is 12 eV. To find eV given elementary charges: (# e )(# V ) = eV.

eV What if 3e- move across 12 V? To find eV (# elm charges) (voltage)

7. How many joules of energy are represented by 6.9 x eV. 6.9 x eV x 1. 6 x J. = 1.1 x J eV

103 Ex 8. A field does 3.3 x J of work on an e-. How many eV is that? 3.3 x J x 1eV = 2.1 x eV 1.6 x J

104 Ex 9: A proton is accelerated in a 100 V pd. How much work is done in eV? W = qV but if we use elem charge, we can just multiply by the voltage. (1 p+)(100 V) = 100 eV

105 Summery Voltage or Electric Potential V = Wk per Coulomb to bring a charged particle to point in field from infinity. Potential / Voltage difference Wk per Coulomb to move charge between two points at different potentials. Charges in field have PE elc. High PE charge near point with same charge. Low PE charge near point with opposite charge.

106 Charges set lose in E fields will accelerate! The average lightning bolt contains 5 coulombs

107 Some typical voltages

Can calculate acceleration of charges in E fields & through Voltages. 108 Set PE elc = KE

109 Kahn Elec Potential Elec Potential & Potential E

110 Prove that for parallel plates E = V d V = W = Fd but F = E V = Ed q q q RearrangingE = V d

111 Plates with battery AC Delco 12 volts d -+ d = 1 cm AB  Batteries are meant to maintain the potential difference.

Electric PE review youtube. Kahn T9AsY79f1k 112

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