Introduction to Islam

Misperceptions All Muslims are Arabs –80% not Arabs –Majority in Indonesia All Muslims are militant fundamentalists –Most are moderate –Some are secular –Some are non-militant Islamic fundamentalists

Muslims by Country Indonesia Pakistan Bangladesh India Iran Turkey Egypt Nigeria Algeria China Morocco Iraq m m m m 63.9 m 61.0 m 51.6 m 40.2 m 29.1 m 21.4 m

History Abraham, Moses, Jesus “early prophets” 570: Birth of Muhammad 610: Angel Gabriel reveals Qur'an (Koran) to Muhammad 622: Flight from Mecca to Medina 633: Death of Mohammed Sunni / Shi’a split 750: Islam spread to Spain & China 8 th – 13 th C: Golden Age of Islam : The Crusades : Ottoman Empire 19 th -20 th C: Colonialization

Five Pillars of Faith (Sunni) 1.Shahadah, the profession of faith in Allah 2.Salāt, prayer 3.Sawm, fasting 4.Zakāh, the paying of alms 5.Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca

Shahadah (Sunni) " There is no god but Alláh, Muhammad is the Messenger of Alláh.”

Shahadah (Shi’a) " There is no god but Alláh, Muhammad is the Messenger of Alláh. Alí is the Friend of Alláh, the Successor of the Messenger of Alláh and his first Caliph."

Shi’a Imam Ali (ra), cousin of the Prophet (pbuh), husband of his daughter Fatima, father of Hassan and Hussein and the second person ever to embrace Islam. The term Shia or Shi'ite derives from a shortening of Shiat Ali or partisans of Ali. “Twelvers” (believe in 12 Imams) After last descendant, Council of Twelve elected Imam (e.g., Ayatollah Khomeni)

Shi’a Sunni Formal hierarchial clergy with “holy” Imam; “Catholic” Belief in Mohammed’s descendants Emphasis on suffering and martyrdom –Ashura commemorates Battle of Karbala, in which Hussein sacrificed self against enemy Yazid (self-flagellation) No formal clergy (has scholars and jurists); “Protestant” Caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al- Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, Ali ibn Abi Talib) Different interpretations of Qur’an and hadith

Shi’a Sunni Divorce and inheritance laws more favorable to women Recognize “temporary” marriages Shrines to saints Generally poorer No formal clergy (has scholars and jurists); “Protestant” Caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al- Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, Ali ibn Abi Talib) Different interpretations of Qur’an and hadith

Shi’a – Sunni Populations

Shi’a: Roots of Religion (Us ū l al-D ī n) Tawhīd (Oneness): The Oneness of God Adalah (Justice): The Justice of God Nubuwwah (Prophethood): God has appointed perfect and infallible prophets and messengers to teach mankind the religion--that is, a perfect system of how to live in "peace“ ("submission to God") Imamah (Leadership): God has appointed specific leaders to lead and guide mankind—a prophet appoints a custodian of the religion before his demise. Qiyamah (The Day of Judgment): God will raise mankind for Judgment

Shi’a: Branches of Religion (Fur ū al-D ī n) Shahadah (Declaration) – the declaration that there is none worthy of worship except God (Allah) and that Muhammad is His messenger. Salat—called "Namaaz" in Persian (Prayer) – performing the five daily prayers Sawm—called "Roozeh" in Persian (Fast) – fasting during the holy month of Ramadhan Hajj (Pilgrimage) – performing the pilgrimage to Mecca. Zakat (Poor-rate) – paying the poor-tax Khums (One-fifth) – paying tax Jihad (Struggle) – struggling to please God. The greater, or internal Jihad is the struggle against the evil within one's soul in every aspect of life. The lesser, or external, Jihad is the struggle against the evil of one's environment in every aspect of life. Amr-Bil-Ma'rūf – commanding what is good Nahi-Anil-Munkar – forbidding what is evil Tawalla – loving the Ahlul Bayt and their followers Tabarra – dissociating oneself from the enemies of the Ahlul Bayt

The Haaj Vedic

Shar’ia Muslim law system partially based upon Qu’ran (also Sunna, traditional laws and Imams) Interpreted differently by different Muslim cultures It denotes an Islamic path of life that is more than a system of criminal justice Religious observance plus criminal law, family, marriage, inheritance, etc. Interpreted differently by local cultures

Shar’ia All possible actions of a Muslim are divided (in principle) into five categories: –Obligatory –Meritorious –Permissible –Reprehensible –Forbidden

Shar’ia How Can I Become Acquainted to the Woman I am Proposing to? Question: When I go to propose to a young woman, how may I speak to her, in order to know her beliefs, her piety, her character and her manners? And is it permissible for me to sit with her? Answer: It is permissible for the suitor to look at the woman to whom he is proposing, but without being alone with her, because the Sunnah has been authentically reported from the Prophet (sallallaahu alahi wasalam) to that effect. He may ask her and her guardian about what is important to him regarding matters related to marriage. Shaykh `Abdul-`Azeez Bin Baz Fatawa Islamiyyah, Darussalam, volume 5, page 209

Shar’ia The Ruling on Selling Video Tapes Question: What is the ruling on selling video tapes, which the least of what they contain is women appearing unveiled and performances of stories of love and passion? Is the money of the merchant (who sells these tapes) forbidden? What must he do? And how can he get rid of these tapes and equipment? May Allaah reward you with good. Answer: It is forbidden to sell these tapes, purchase them, listen to what is on them and look at them, because they call to Fitnah (evil temptation, trials) and corruption. It is obligatory to destroy them and rebuke whoever deals with them in order to shutdown this corrupt material and protect the Muslims from causes of Fitnah. And Allaah is the Giver of success. Shaykh `Abdul-`Azeez Bin Baz Fatawa Islamiyah vol.4 p.427 DARUSSALAM

Shar’ia A man working in a girls' school Question: What is the ruling of Islaam upon a male teacher working in a girls’ secondary school? Answer: This is not permissible, due to the exposure to fitnah (trials) contained in this. And with Allaah is the tawfeeq. And may peace and blessings be upon our Prophet Muhammad and his family and his Companions.

Shar’ia Shaking Hands with the Unbelievers Question: May Allaah reward you, if the unbelievers extend their hands to shake hands, should one refuse [to shake hands]? Answer: If they salaam (greet) you and extend their hands to you, then shake their hands there is no problem with it. As for you [Muslim] initiating the salaam (greeting) and the shaking of the hands then this is not allowed. Shaykh Saalih al-Fawzaan Silsilatu sharhir-Rasail, p241. Translated by Abu 'Abdillaah al- Kashmiri

Shar’ia Women Dancing At Weddings Question: What is the ruling of women dancing amongst themselves during a wedding or other than that? May Allaah reward you. Answer: There is no harm in the dancing of women on the occasion of marriage and the beating of a simple drum) along with some singing of virtuous songs (not containing sinful speech) - because this is from the announcement of the marriage that has been commanded by the sharee'ah. However with the condition that this is done in the company of women only, with voices that are not raised so that they pass outside of the venue, and with the condition that there is complete seclusion and screening. Also that the awrah (the areas of the body that should be concealed) are not revealed whilst dancing, such as her legs, or her arms or her upper arms - and that which is shown from these is in accordance with the customs/habits of the Muslim women in the presence of (other) women.

Shar’ia: The Extreme Palestinian Honor Killings If a woman brings shame to the family--through allegations of premarital or extramarital sex, by refusing an arranged marriage, or attempting to obtain a divorce-- her male relatives are bound by duty and culture to murder her. "Honor is everything," says Ahmed, a 52-year-old Palestinian Muslim. "If a person loses his honor, he becomes like an animal."

Shar’ia: The Extreme TEHRAN (Reuters) - An Iranian man cut off his seven- year-old daughter's head after suspecting she had been raped by her uncle, the Jomhuri-ye Eslami newspaper said on Sunday. "The motive behind the killing was to defend my honor, fame, and dignity," the paper quoted the father as saying.

Shar’ia: The Extreme Iranian actress escapes lashing Iran spares actress from flogging for kissing man on the forehead. A well-known Iranian actress has been given a suspended sentence of 74 lashes for kissing a man during an awards ceremony. Gohar Kheirandish landed in court after kissing director Ali Zamani on the forehead.

Shar’ia: The Extreme Adultery = death Theft = amputation No pork, dog, or cat Men can divorce at will (even by text-messaging!) Women must be covered Beating wife is permissible Death penalty for homosexuals No criticism of Prophet Conversion to another religion punishable by death

Sunni Law Four schools (madhabs): General Principles: HanafiHanafi (founded by Abu Hanifa)Abu Hanifa MalikiMaliki (founded by Malik)Malik Evidence: Shafi'iShafi'i (founded by Shafi'i)Shafi'i HanbaliHanbali (founded by Ahmad bin Hanbal)Ahmad bin Hanbal

Islam & Other Religions Islam the sole universal truth Rooted in but supplants Judeo- Christianity Views all others as infidels Duty to spread Prophet’s message to all mankind Hinduism, Taoism, Buddhism, and Judaism never attempted to become world religions or convert others

View of Christianity Jesus was an “early” prophet Trinity a blasphemy God unknowable, cannot be “humanized” Bible is not a direct revelation –Written centuries later –Qur’an direct “recording” Political hierarchy intervenes between man and God –Islam has no church or priests

The Concept of Nation A Western idea Middle-Eastern nations, such as Lebanon and Jordan, were artificial imperial creations Vatan, meaning “country,” did not appear until late 18 th C Call to war or martyrdom in the cause of the true faith, rarely “country” Ottoman Empire the exception Turkey most nationalistic Egypt only country with a national identity from antiquity to modern age

“Church” and State Separation of the two is a Western concept One and the same The law is God’s law (there is no church to be separated) Today, only two states with written constitutions do not mention Islam as the foundation of law: –Turkey & Lebanon

From Theocracies to Democracies Islamic Republics of Iran & Afghanistan Nigeria & Somalia: Regional shari’a law Saudia Arabia: dual legal system Morocco: Monarchy based on Islamic law & French/Spanish civil law system Kuwait: Muslim law-personal matters Syria (laws inspired by shari’a) Egypt: banned religious parties Turkey: Republican Parliamentary Democracy (shari’a banned) Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh: secular constitutions and laws

Islamic Fundamentalists (Extremists) Muslim Brotherhood –1928: Restore holy law in Egypt; fight own government to protest colonialization and Westernization –1936: Palestine cause (vs. UK) –1948: Assassinated Egypt PM –1952: Suez canal crisis 1919: Basmachi (anti-Soviet) 1940s-50s: Devotees of Islam 1960s – today: Fatah (PLO)

Islamic Fundamentalists: Today PLO (secular) Palestinian Hamas (Sunni) Lebanese Hizb Allah (Hezbollah) (Party of God) (Shi’a) Al Qaeda (Sunni)

Islamic Fundamentalists: Today “A lot of these organizations started as community-based self-help projects. If you look at the Muslim Brotherhood, what did they do? Even today, it runs medical clinics, job training programs, subsidizes cheap food, collects garbage. It does things the government doesn’t. Religious groups are very popular because they are meeting the needs. They go into politics. They meet violent resistance, and they react violently.” –Lawrence Davidson, West Chester University, author of the book Islamic Fundamentalism.

Islamic Fundamentalists: Today “These movements are often rooted in legitimate grievances voiced by underrepresented and oppressed segments of the population, particularly the poor. And the U.S. is increasingly identified with the political, social and economic forces that are responsible for their misery.” –Stephen Zunes, San Francisco University, author of Tinderbox: U.S. Middle East Policy and the Roots of Terrorism.

Fundamentalists: Misunderstood? National Catholic Reporter (10/8/04): –“Islamic revival simply means becoming a more religiously observant Muslim” –“it’s also about creating a more just, moral, Islam-based society.” – “most Muslims are wary of Islam as a political movement, oppose Islam’s manipulation for violent or revolutionary ends, and don’t have confidence in extreme Islamic movements.

Goal of Islamism “Islamism represents for many Muslims a last-ditch effort to better their situation after decades of living in impoverished states that have experimented with socialism, Arab nationalism, military dictatorships and monarchies -- with little discernible improvement in living standards for the vast majority of their populations.” –National Catholic Reporter (10/8/04)

Goal of Islamism Islamism is “an alternative to the secular nation-state, to a Western, non- indigenous, non-Islamic form of social organization and political process.” –National Catholic Reporter (10/8/04)

US Policy? The hard-line rhetoric adopted by the Bush administration--references to the “axis of evil” and “you’re either with us or against us”--aggravates divisions between the Muslim world and the West and glosses over the real frictions that exist within the Islamic world itself. At the same time, continuing U.S. support for Israel’s occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip confirms many Muslims’ belief that the United States is hostile to their interests and hypocritical in its support for democracy. –Martin Marty, University of Chicago co- editor of The Fundamentalism Project

Integration and Understanding “The corrective to militant Islamism is to integrate mainstream Islamists [fundamentalists] into the political process of their respective countries.” –Fawaz Gerges, Sarah Lawrence College, author of Jihadists: Unholy Warriors.

The Root Problem? The inability of the West to view Islam as Islam Imposition of Western perspective on Islamic world And vice versa?

What is the real face of Islam?

Battle of Metanarratives? VS.

Iran Persian Islamic Republic of Iran Shi'a Islam is the official state religion 1979: Monarchy overthrown and theocracy established Growing diverse economy Reform movement by moderates and liberals squelched in 2000

Iran All media in Iran is controlled directly or indirectly by the state, and must be approved by the Ministry of Islamic Guidance before it can be released to the public.Ministry of Islamic Guidance The state also actively monitors the Internet, which has become enormously popular among the Iranian youth. Iran is now the world's fourth largest country of bloggers. Internetbloggers Ban on satellite dishes “Restless youth who want moderation and play rock in garages.” Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, President Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader

Iranian Cinema "We believe that the American cinema system is devoid of all culture and art and is only used as a device.“ "Supervision of content from films, TV series and their voice- overs is emphasized in order to support spiritual cinema and to eliminate triteness and violence." Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, President

Iranian Cinema Complete censorship: –No alcohol –No violence –No touching (no sex) –Women must wear chadors, even indoors –Nothing that promotes secularism, feminism, capitalism Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, President

Iranian Cinema “Centered in Tehran, many movie- makers have produced more inward looking existential films—a trend that has led to a serious of critically admired films and festival winners in recent years, such as Abbas Kiarostami’s film 10.” DePardes Entertainment

Abbas Kiarostami