Systematics

Kingdom Genus Species Family Order Class Phylum Plant Zea Z. mays Poaceae Poales Monocotyledonae Anthophyta Plant Vanilla V. planifolia Orchidaceae Asparagales Monocotyledonae Anthophyta Animal Musca M. domestica Muscidae Diptera Insecta Arthropoda Animal Homo H. sapiens Hominidae Primates Mammalia Chordata corn vanilla orchidhouseflyhuman Biological System of Taxonomy

Fig Species: Panthera pardus Genus: Panthera Family: Felidae Order: Carnivora Class: Mammalia Phylum: Chordata Kingdom: Animalia ArchaeaDomain: Eukarya Bacteria

Fig. 26-3a Class: Mammalia Phylum: Chordata Kingdom: Animalia Archaea Domain: EukaryaBacteria

Fig. 26-3b Species: Panthera pardus Genus: Panthera Family: Felidae Order: Carnivora

Systematics: forming groups showing evolutionary relationship. Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Name: Genus species : Homo sapiens

How to remember? D K P C O F G S

How to remember? DidDoDumb KingKingsKids PhilipPlayPlaying Come ChessCatch OverOnOn ForFineFreeways GoodGrainedGet Spaghetti?Sand?Squished

Fig Species Canis lupus Panthera pardus Taxidea taxus Lutra lutra Canis latrans OrderFamilyGenus Carnivora Felidae Mustelidae Canidae Canis Lutra Taxidea Panthera

Fig c Fungi EUKARYA Trypanosomes Green algae Land plants Red algae Forams Ciliates Dinoflagellates Diatoms Animals Amoebas Cellular slime molds Leishmania Euglena

Universal Common Ancestor ? Our group

Fig Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Billions of years ago

Fig Archaea Bacteria Eukarya

Fig Archaea Bacteria Eukarya

Phylogenies: Ancestral trees showing relatedness Along a lineage for a group or species A Common ancestor for mammals

What is a species? Species, simply means a “kind” or “appearance”in Latin. –Still used this way in chemistry In Taxonomy, species is the most unique grouping in the hierarchy.

Species Based on Herbals, full page lists of characters. Binomial system: Homo sapiens, –Linnaeus (1700's) based on a type specimen, called the Holotype, with a complete description in Latin.

Herbal Holotypes

Biological Species Concept Not a definition proper Based the ability to sexually reproduce thus sharing a common genepool and evolution. – “Species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups”.

Scientific names: Always in Latin, italicized Genus capitalized, species not Underline names only for handwritten work, not print. In publications, author is include to distinguish form older, or other names Umbellularia californica (Hook & Arn)Nutt

Fig Sister taxa ANCESTRAL LINEAGE Taxon A Polytomy Common ancestor of taxa A–F Branch point (node) Taxon B Taxon C Taxon D Taxon E Taxon F

Applications of phylogenies: What whale meat is being consumed in Japan? 13 samples of whale meat taken from Japanese fish markets. Used Mitochondrial DNA comparisons from meat to known published species samples Lines in red show relations to illegal whale meat.

Fig Fin (Mediterranean) Fin (Iceland) RESULTS Blue (North Pacific) Blue (North Atlantic) Gray Humpback (North Atlantic) Humpback (North Pacific) Minke (North Atlantic) Minke (Antarctica) Minke (Australia) Unknown #1a, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Fig Common ancestor of crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds Birds Lizards and snakes Crocodilians Ornithischian dinosaurs Saurischian dinosaurs

Fig Eggs Front limb Hind limb (a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor and eggs (b) Artist’s reconstruction of the dinosaur’s posture

Fig a Eggs Front limb Hind limb (a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor and eggs

Fig b (b) Artist’s reconstruction of the dinosaur’s posture

Fig Molecular clock in mammals based on seven proteins Divergence time (millions of years) Number of mutations Green dots 3 primate species (slower to change)

Fig Year Index of base changes between HIV sequences Range Computer model of HIV