Nanotechnology for Future Batteries Yaroslav Aulin

Outline Introduction Li-ion batteries and nanotechnology Other nanobatteries Conclusions "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

How do batteries work? - anode (-) cathode (+) electrolyte + current © 2009 Yaroslav Aulin "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Parameters to be improved Stored energy per mass(volume) Power Recharge time Lifetime Cost Safety Environmental sustainability J.Thomas, Nature Materials 2, 705 - 706 (2003) "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Moore’s law-not for batteries Image courtesy: Intel Corporation www.batteriesdigest.com/lithium_ion_challenge.htm 18650 Li ion cell www.lbl.gov "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

… Batteries’ timeline now 5..10 years from now M. Armand & J.-M. Tarascon, Nature 451, 652-657 (2008)  "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Li-ion batteries "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Conventional Li-ion batteries Anode: graphite Cathode: LiCoO2 electrolyte: a solution of LiPF6 in EC-DMC www.electronics-lab.com/ LiCoO2 Graphite "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Problems Graphite – low specific capacity for Li storage LiCoO2-high cost Liquid electrolyte Solution: nanomaterials "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Anode "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Anode Unlithiated material Fully lithiated material Gravimetric capacity (mAhg-1) Volumetric capacity (mAhcc-1) Al LiAl 993 1.374 Si Li21Si5 4008 2.323 Sn Li22Sn5 994 2.025 Sb Li3Sb 660 1.881 C, graphite LiC6 372 0.760 Gravimetric (volumetric) capacity- charge that could be stored per unit mass(volume) of the material "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Anode Si High gravimetric capacity Problem: the volume of Si changes by 400% upon cycling Solution: nanostructured electrodes "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Anode Schematic of morphological change that occur in Si during electrochemical cycling C.K. Chan et. al. Nature Nanotechnology 3, 31 - 35 (2008) "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Anode Structural evolution of Si NWs during lithiation graphite Capacity vs cycle number data for Si NW electrode compared to graphite C.K. Chan et. al. Nature Nanotechnology 3, 31 - 35 (2008) "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Cathode "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Cathode Problems: insulator, low Li ion diffusion LiFePO4 Cheap, environmentally benign, reasonable capacity(110 mAhg-1 versus 130 mAhg-1 for LiCoO2) Problems: insulator, low Li ion diffusion M. Armand & J.-M. Tarascon, Nature 414, 359-367 (2001)  Solution: carbon-coated nanoparticles "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Cathode Cycling behavior and SEM image of carbon coated nanoparticulate LiFePO4 electrode C.Z. Lu et al. Journal of Power Sources 189 (2009) "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Cathode Sample Thickness of pellet (mm) Resistance (kΩ) Conductivity (S cm−1) LFP (0 wt.% HC) 1.06 52316.5 3.97 × 10−8 LFP (6.0 wt.% HC) 0.77 8.32 3.45 × 10−4 LFP (8.0 wt.% HC) 0.88 6.78 3.70 × 10−4 LFP (10 wt.% HC) 0.55 8.67 4.63 × 10−4 LFP (12 wt.% HC) 0.63 6.95 5.04 × 10−4 C.Z. Lu et al. Journal of Power Sources 189 (2009) "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Electrolyte "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Solid state polymer electrolytes All solid state construction Simplicity of manufacture Wide variety of shapes and sizes Higher energy density No leak-outs and internal short-circuits Problem: poor ionic conductivity Solution: nanocomposite polymer electrolytes "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Solid state polymer electrolytes S. Panero et al. Journal of Power Sources 129 (2004) Influence of ZrO2 nanoparticles on ionic conductivity of P(EO)20LiCF3SO3 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Solid state polymer electrolytes Problems remaining: better understanding of ionic conductivity of polymers is required electrode-electrolyte interface "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

"Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

… http://www.sandia.gov/ M. Armand & J.-M. Tarascon, Nature 451, 652-657 (2008) http://www.mit.edu/ http://www.rpi.edu/ … "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Conclusions Progress in nanoscience and nanotechnology will allow to design new types of batteries based on nanomaterials and having improved properties: increased capacity, improved charge-discharge characteristics, reduced power cost, lower weight and smaller size, better environmental sustainability Nanostructured electrodes and solid polymer electrolytes are the materials that will drastically improve conventional Li-ion batteries "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Acknowledgements I would like to thank prof. Paul van Loosdrecht for supervising me during this project "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Thank you for your attention! Questions? "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009