1 Marxism & Cultural-Materialism 陳瑞欣文本與論述理論

2 Marxism Karl Heinrich Marx ( ) Karl Heinrich Marx ( ) Friedrich Von Engels ( ) Friedrich Von Engels ( ) Das Kapital(1867), Manifesto of the Communist Party(1848) Das Kapital(1867), Manifesto of the Communist Party(1848) Western Marxism : a wide variety of Marxist theoreticians based in Western and Central Europe (and more recently North America), in contrast with philosophy in the Soviet Union. Western Marxism : a wide variety of Marxist theoreticians based in Western and Central Europe (and more recently North America), in contrast with philosophy in the Soviet Union.

3 Culture & Society in the eyes of Marx “Different ideas were in dominance at different times in human history.” “Different ideas were in dominance at different times in human history.” Literature is one important way for ideas to circulate in a culture. Literature is one important way for ideas to circulate in a culture. Religion & Educational institution  media Religion & Educational institution  media

4 All societies are organized around the production of the means of sustaining life. All societies are organized around the production of the means of sustaining life. Culture always is an expression of the prevailing social & economic situation. Culture always is an expression of the prevailing social & economic situation. All class-divided societies are internally contradictory. (Ex. merchant, labor, aristocrats…) All class-divided societies are internally contradictory. (Ex. merchant, labor, aristocrats…)

5 Marxists in the dialectical tradition Theodor Adorno ( ) Theodor Adorno ( ) Art can play antithetical and critical role in capitalist culture. Art can play antithetical and critical role in capitalist culture. “Culture turns everything into a commodity, and commodity culture creates a way of thinking or consciousness appropriate to it.” “Culture turns everything into a commodity, and commodity culture creates a way of thinking or consciousness appropriate to it.” People are pacified by consumption. People are pacified by consumption.

6 Art serves a negative function in relation to this culture of uniformity, routine, and pacification. Art serves a negative function in relation to this culture of uniformity, routine, and pacification. Negation is a first step in developing a more complex way of seeing the world. Negation is a first step in developing a more complex way of seeing the world.

7 Materialist Materialism Antonio Negri (1933- ) Antonio Negri (1933- ) Emphasizes the anchoring of culture in materiality. Emphasizes the anchoring of culture in materiality. Materiality consists of a creative potential that expresses itself in human labor. Materiality consists of a creative potential that expresses itself in human labor. Literary criticism: emphasizes moments in literature that capture a democratic and communalist possibility in human life. Literary criticism: emphasizes moments in literature that capture a democratic and communalist possibility in human life.

8 Refined Louis Althusser ( ) Louis Althusser ( ) “ One’s sense of self-identity in a capitalist culture is delusory.” “ One’s sense of self-identity in a capitalist culture is delusory.” Misrecognize our own true place Misrecognize our own true place

9 Politics of culture Raymond Williams ( ) Raymond Williams ( ) Culture & civilization: after the Enlightenment Culture & civilization: after the Enlightenment Alan Sinfield (1941- ) Alan Sinfield (1941- ) Culture is a site of political argument with each struggling to establish plausibility for its account of the world. Culture is a site of political argument with each struggling to establish plausibility for its account of the world.

10 Marxist!? Mikhail Bakhtin ( ) Mikhail Bakhtin ( ) Metalinguistics ( 後語言學 ) Metalinguistics ( 後語言學 ) Novel is a literary form that incorporates multiple discourses from the social world around it. Novel is a literary form that incorporates multiple discourses from the social world around it. Novel : heteroglossic( 眾聲喧嘩 ) Novel : heteroglossic( 眾聲喧嘩 ) “Carnivalesque” ←→ authoritative discourse “Carnivalesque” ←→ authoritative discourse

11 Thank you for your listening!

12 Reference tw/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9 tw/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9 tw/%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89 tw/%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89 tw/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D% E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89 tw/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D% E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89 Ryan, Michael. Literary Theory: A Practical Introduction. Blackwell Publishing, Ryan, Michael. Literary Theory: A Practical Introduction. Blackwell Publishing, Terry Eagleton 原著，吳新發譯。 1993 。文學理論導讀。台北市：書林出版 有限公司。 Terry Eagleton 原著，吳新發譯。 1993 。文學理論導讀。台北市：書林出版 有限公司。