The Sun

OUR STAR 34 Earth days to rotate at Poles 25 Earth days to rotate at Equator

OUR STAR Main Sequence Star Spectral Class: G2V

OUR STAR Surface temp = 5500°C Core temp = 15 million°C

OUR STAR Acceleration due to gravity = 274 m/s 2 Compared to Earth’s 9.81 m/s 2

OUR STAR 1.4 million km diameter 750 times the mass of all of the solar system’s planets put together

STUDYING THE SUN In 1609 Galileo built his first telescope He saw Sunspots

STUDYING THE SUN 1960’s PIONEER 5 to 9 Orbited the sun –Solar wind –Solar flares –Magnetic fields

STUDYING THE SUN 1974 & 1976 HELIOS High-velocity passes close to Sun’s surface –Solar wind –Magnetic field

STUDYING THE SUN 1980 SOLAR MAXIMUM MISSION –X-rays –Gamma rays –Ultraviolet radiation –From flares and sunspots

STUDYING THE SUN 1990 ULYSSES primary mission was to orbit the Sun and study it at all latitudes. The last day for mission operations on Ulysses was June 30, 2009

What are the difficulties in studying the Sun? Heat Light Distance Angle Size

Sources Information from “Universe: the definitive visual guide” senior editor: Peter Frances

The Moon

EARTH’s SATELLITE Earth’s only natural satellite Located 384,400 km away from Earth Reflects light from the Sun

EARTH’s SATELLITE Synodic month: 29.5 days days (new moon to new moon) Sidereal month: 27.3 days (360° around Earth) Rotational Period: 27.3 days We only see one side of the Moon

EARTH’s SATELLITE Maximum Surface Temperature:130º C Minimum Surface Temperature:-180º C thought to have a small Iron core followed by a very thick mantle and a thin crust.

EARTH’s SATELLITE The Moon is composed of two major features: –Highlands –Maria The Highlands are like our own mountain ranges. Formed from igneous rock. The Maria are similar to our oceans, but were formed by past lava flows.

EARTH’s SATELLITE g = 1.62 m/s 2

EARTH’s SATELLITE Diameter = 3,476 km

EARTH’s SATELLITE Fission Theory - Earth spinning so fast a piece broke off forming the Moon Capture Theory - Moon formed elsewhere and was captured Co-Creation Theory - the Earth and Moon formed and evolved together Collisional Ejection Theory - a large impact broke off pieces of the Earth and formed the Moon

STUDYING THE MOON In 1609 used his first telescope to examine the Moon He saw Craters and Mountains

STUDYING THE MOON By 1651, Italian astronomer Giovanni Battista Riccioli and mathematician and physicist Francesco M. Grimaldi, had completed a map of the moon. That map established the naming system for lunar features that is still in use.

STUDYING THE MOON First Un-manned Probes: –1959, probes from Soviet's Luna spacecraft first flew by and then impacted the Moon's surface. –NASA's Pioneer 4 passed within 37,000 miles of the Moon –Ranger, Surveyor and Lunar Orbiter photographed the lunar surface in preparation for landing astronauts

STUDYING THE MOON Manned Landings: –July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 mission successfully lands on the Moon. Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins. –6 manned missions –returned the first scientific samples from an extraterrestrial body to Earth - nearly 850 pounds of Moon rock

STUDYING THE MOON 1994, a tiny spacecraft, Clementine, discovered possible indirect evidence for water ice on the Moon, in a permanently shadowed miles- deep crater at the south pole New (Mar 2014) NASA interactive map allows you to explore the Moon created from images from NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter whiched entered lunar orbit in June 2009

Sources maria-grimaldigiambattista.htmlhttp://philosophyofscienceportal.blogspot.ca/2010/04/francesco- maria-grimaldigiambattista.html moon http://knlive.ctvnews.ca/new-nasa-interactive-let-s-you-explore-the- moon