Stakeholders’ Centrality in Modern Corporations and Their Management Antonio M. Chiesi Department of Social and Political Studies University of Milan Chiesi for Politeia /23

Definitions: a stakeholder is… any group on which the organization relies in its functioning (Stanford Research Institute 1963) a party who affects, or can be affected by, the organization’s actions (Freeman 1984). any actor who has a legitimate interest in the activity of an organization (Clarkson 1999). Voluntary or involuntary contributors to the activities of an organization, and therefore its potential beneficiaries and/or risk bearers (Post, Preston and Sachs 2002). Chiesi for Politeia /23

Stockholder and Stakeholder approaches Chiesi for Politeia /23

Shifting attention from stockholders to stakeholders interests implies a new definition of corporate strategy From principal-agent approach, according to which managers are appointed by stockholders in order to maximize their economic return…. to multi-stakeholder theory, according to which managers, in the name of the firm and for its long term benefit, have to chose a “principal” stakeholder and pursue the balance of interests between a plurality of stakeholders. Chiesi for Politeia /23

Relation between multistakeholder theory and CSR 1.While in the principal-agent theory, managers have to pursue stockholders’ interests by law, in stakeholder theory their strategies can become indefinite, give them to much power and encourage their selfishness. A danger emerges that in a multi- stakeholder environment managers turn from agents to brokers. 2. While stockholders’ interests are (relatively) clear and protected by law, stakeholders’ interests are heterogeneous and not always protected by law, although legitimate. In order to state the strategic orientation of a firm: a) its mission should be declared, b) principles of stakeholder management should be applied, c) some basic values should be adopted (i. e. CSR). Therefore, while stockholder theory is based on selfish interests recognized and limited by law, stakeholder theory has to be derived from values and goes beyond laws (i. e. CSR). Chiesi for Politeia /23

A map of stakeholders Chiesi for Politeia /23

A more specific inventory of stakeholders StakeholderGlobal levelNational levelLocal level Stockholders Institutional investors (pension funds, investment funds) small shareholders, Family ownership Personnel All employees, transnational trade unions Domestic employees, Trade unions at country level Employees living around the plants, local unions Public administration International institutions (UN, EU, ILO, …) National government (taxation and norms) Local government (reciprocal influence) Community Humanity at large and future generations (environmental implications) The country (fiscal implications and compliance to law) The organized community of persons and the environment around the factory Customers, consumers Transnational movements (Green Peace, NGOs,..) Domestic market, national consumers movements Suppliers International division of labor and subcontracting Domestic suppliersLocal stable suppliers (i. e. industrial districts) Chiesi for Politeia /23

How to manage stakeholder relations (Donaldson & Preston 1995) Descriptive approach: mapping them and taking into account their positions, Instrumental approach: using stakeholders’ relations in order to pursue business “as usual”, Normative approach: identifying values within an axiomatic rationality approach (Weber 1922) and accepting limitations of property rights according to a principle of distributive justice.

Normative stakeholders’ management (modified from Clarkson 1999) Recognizing them and being informed about their interests (recognition of legitimate conflicts of interests), Communicating transparently with them (stakeholder dialogue), Adopting decisions taking into account their positions, Balancing benefits among different stakeholders (distributive justice), Cooperating with them in order to minimize negative externalities and encourage the production of public goods: trust, reputation, transparency, accountability (this means that also stakeholders are requested to behave following the same rules of reciprocity)

Theoretical problems in stakeholders’ management no rules to settle the trade-off between them, no rules to define a hierarchy of interests among them, Managers should replace profit maximization function with Pareto efficiency for all stakeholders (which is impossible to compute). BUT….. Chiesi for Politeia /23

..... In practice These three problems are often by-passed in the actual practices adopted in managing every-day relations with stakeholders. Managers try: to satisfy dynamically all stakeholders, taking into account the relative intensity of their pressures (rather than abstract rules of distributive justice), to increase their reputation, to improve the image of an organization, in terms of morality, accountability, sustainability, transparency, fairness. Chiesi for Politeia /23

What is actually done in stakeholders’ management: Stakeholders have to gain recognition, and to engage in negotiations in order to get a larger share of resources coming from the organization (value added, transfers, benefits). Managers are encouraged to give priority to long rather than short term interests, and are drawn to take care of social and environmental consequences of the organization. All parties are drawn to conceive the organization as a collective good, are encouraged to comply with practices of accountability, transparency, reliability, fairness in order to gain reciprocal reputation, know that unfair practices and moral hazard can destroy the intangible asset everyone can enjoy: social capital (Coleman 1990, Lin 2001). Chiesi for Politeia /23