Diffraction Lineshapes (From “Transmission Electron Microscopy and Diffractometry of Materials”, B. Fultz and J. Howe, Springer-Verlag Berlin Chapter 8) Peak form for X-ray peaks: Gaussian Lorentizian Voigt, Psudo-Voigt:
Gaussian function x0x0 FWHM
Lorentzian function or Cauchy form FWHM x0x0
Voigt: convolution of a Lorentzian and a Gaussian Complex error function FWHM most universal; more complex to fit.
Lorentzian function or Cauchy form FWHM Gaussian function FWHM pseudo-Voigt: : Cauchy content, fraction of Cauchy form.
2 = FWHM
Lineshapes: disturbed by the presence of K 1 and K 2. Decouple them if necessary: Rachinger Correction for K 1 and K 2 separation: Assume: (1) K 1 and K 2 identical lines profiles (not necessarily symmetrical); (2) I p of K 2 = ½ I p of K 1.
… … General form Example: Separated by 3 unit I i : experimental intensity at point i I i ( 1 ): part of I i due to due to K 1
Diffraction Line Broadening and Convolution Sources of Broadening: (1) small sizes of crystalline (2) distributions of strains within individual crystallites, or difference in strains between crystallites (3) The diffractometer (instrumental broadening)
Size Broadening: Interference function Define deviation vector …
I Half width half maximum (HWHM): particular usually small Solve graphically
Define ~ Solution: x = Define
FWHM In X-ray, 2 is usually used, define B in radians If the is used instead of 2 , K should be divided by 2. Scherrer equation, K is Scherrer constant
Strain broadening: Uniform strain lattice constant change Bragg peaks shift. Assume strain = d 0 change to d 0 (1+ ). Diffraction condition: In terms of Peak shift Larger shift for the diffraction peaks of higher order
Distribution of strains diffraction peaks broadening Strain distribution relate to kk is the HWHM of the diffraction G along
Instrument broadening: Main Sources: Combining all these broadening by the convolution procedure asymmetric instrument function convolution
The Convolution Procedure: instrument function f(x) and the specimen function g(x) the observed diffraction profile, h( ). The convolution steps are * Flip f(x) f(-x) * Shift f(-x) with respect to g(x) by f(-x) f( -x) * Multiply f and g f( -x)g(x) * Integrate over x f(x)f(x) g(x)g(x) Assume f and g are the functions on the right, the h( ) that we will get is f(-x) 0
= = = = = 0 31/616/3 0 7/6 0 h()h() 5 6
Convolution of Gaussians: Two functions f( ): breadth B f g( ): breadth B g h( ) = f( )*g( ); breadth B h
Convolution of Lorentzians: Two Lorentzian functions: f( ): breadth B f g( ): breadth B g h( ) = f( )*g( ); breadth B h
Fourier Transform and Deconvolutions: Remove the blurring, caused by the instrument function: deconvolution (Stokes correction). Instrument broadening function: f(k) (*k is function of ) True specimen diffraction profile: g(k) Measured by the diffractometer: h(K) l: [1/length], the range in k of the Fourier series is the interval –l/2 to l/2. Fourier transform the above three functions (DFT)
The function f and g vanished outside of the k range Integration from - to is replaced by –l/2 to l/2 Orthogonality condition vanishes by symmetry
Convolution in k-space is equivalent to a multiplication in real space (with variable n/l). The converse is also true. Important result of the convolution theorem! Deconvolution: {G(n)} is obtained from
Data from a perfect specimen Data from the actual specimen Rachinger Correction (optional) Rachinger Correction (optional) f(k)f(k) Stokes Correction G(n)= H(n)/F(n) h(k)h(k) F.T. Corrected data free of instrument broadening F.T. -1 g(k)g(k) “Perfect” specimen: chemical composition, shape, density similar to the actual specimen ( specimen roughness and transparency broadening are similar) * E.g.: For polycrystalline alloy, the specimen is usually obtained by annealing
f(k), g(k), and h(k): asymmetric F.T. complex coeff.
real part g(k) is real and can be reconstructed as
Simultaneous Strain and Size Broadening: True sample diffraction profile: strain broadening and size broadening effect Take advantage of the following facts: Crystalline size broadening is independent of G Strain broadening depends linearly on G Usually, know one to get the other Both unknown
Williamson-Hall Method Easiest way! Requires an assumption of the shape of the peaks: Kinematical crystal shape factor intensity Gaussian function characteristic of the strain broadening convolution
Assume a Gaussian strain distribution (quick falloff for strain larger than the yield strain) ( )
Approximate the size broadening part with a Gaussian function Good only when strain broadening >> size broadening (see page 9) characteristic width
The convolution of two Gaussians Plot k 2 vs G 2 (k)2(k)2 G2G2 Slope = (HWHM)
Approximate the size broadening and strain broadening : Lorentzian functions Size: Strain:
The convolution of two Lorentzian Plot k vs G kk G Slope = (HWHM)
The following pages are from: am.mpg.de/nanoschool2004/lectures- I/Lamparter.pdf
Ball-milled Mo from P. Lamparter (FWHM) G L 2
Nanocrystalline CeO 2 Powderfrom P. Lamparter
Nb film, WH plot from P. Lamparter
anisotropy of shape or elastic constants, strains. and sizes k 2 vs G 2 or k vs G not linear Using a series of diffraction e.g. (200), (400) {(600) overlap with (442), can not be used} provide a characteristic size and characteristic mean-square strain for each crystallographic direction!
E k fit better than k in this case elastic anisotropic is the main reason for the deviation of k to G. Ball-milled bcc Fe-20%Cu
Warren and Averbach Method Fourier Methods with Multiple Orders sizestrain How to interpret A(L)?
from P. Lamparter
Williamson-Hall Method Easy to be done Only width of peaks needed Warren-Averbach Method More mathematics Precise peak shapes needed Distributions of size and microstrain Relation to other properties(dislocations)