Instructor: Dr. Marinella Sandros 1 Nanochemistry NAN 601 Lecture 10: Chemistry in Nanotechnology

2 Klabunde, KJ, Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons (2001).

 1 millimeter = or m  1 micron = or m  1 nanometer = or m 3

 What is interesting about the nanoscale? o Nanosized particles exhibit different properties than larger particle of the same substance  As we study phenomena at this scale we... Learn more about the nature of matter Develop new theories Discover new questions and answers in many areas, including health care, energy, and technology Figure out how to make new products and technologies that can improve people’s lives 4

 A device or machine, product or process based upon individual or multiple integrated nanoscale components. 5

 The utilization of synthetic chemistry to make nanoscale building blocks of different size and shape, composition and surface structure, charge and functionality.  In a self-assembly construction process, spontaneous, directed by templates or guided by chemically or lithographically defined surface patterns, they may form architectures that perform an intelligent function and portend a particular use. 6

 Chemistry: study of atoms and molecules, dimensions generally less than 1 nm  Condensed matter physics: an infinite array of bound atoms or molecules of dimensions greater than 100 nm. 7 Klabunde, KJ, Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons (2001).

 Quantum chemistry nor classical laws of physics hold.  Materials where strong chemical bonding is present  extent of electron delocalization can be extensive.  Properties dependent on size:  Magnetic properties  Optical properties  Melting Points  Specific Heats  Surface Reactivity 8

 Study of objects and phenomena at a very small scale ( nm)  An emerging interdisciplinary science. 9 Chemsitry Physics Materials Science Engineering Computer Science Biology

10 Pharmacy: Create biomolecules that carry out “pharmacy in a cell”, that could release cancer-fighting nanoparticles or chemicals in response to a distress signal from an afflicted cell. Plenitude Revitalift Loreal Tennis Rackets Wilson (C fibers)

11 Nano SilverSeal Refrigerator Samsung (nanoparticle-coated)

Tagging of DNA and DNA Chips: Coating Au NPs with DNA strands (recognize complementary strand)  gold aggregates (color change takes place). Microarray DNA chip (100,000 ssDNA functionalized on surface)  identify unknown DNA. Display Screens Motorola (NTs) Cars GM (Nanocomposites)

13 Klabunde, KJ, Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons (2001).

14 TypeSize (approx.)Materials Nanocrystals and clusters (quantum dots) diam nmMetals, semiconductors, magnetic materials Other nanoparticlesdiam nmCeramic Oxides Nanowiresdiam nmMetals, semiconductors, oxides, sulfides, nitrides Nanotubesdiam nmCarbon, layered metal chalcogenides Nanoporous solidsPore diam nmZeolites, phosphates etc. 2D arrays (of nanoparticles) Several nm 2 -µm 2 Metals, semiconductors, magnetic materials Surfaces and thin filmsThickness nmA variety of materials 3D structures (superlattices) Several nm in the three dimensions Metals, semiconductors, magnetic materials

15 The basic building blocks of matter are atomic nuclei and electrons. In an atom, electrons orbit around the single nucleus and the number of electrons depends on the element

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Cluster: a collection of units (atoms or reactive molecules) of up to about 50 units. Cluster compounds are such moieties surrounded by a ligand shell that allows isolation of a molecular species. Colloid: a stable liquid phase containing particles in the nm range. A colloidal particle is one such nm sized particle. Nanoparticle: A solid in the nm range that could be noncrystaline, an aggregate of crystallites, or a single crystallite. Nanocrystal: A solid particle that is a single crystal in the nanometer size range. Nanostructured or nanoscale material: Any solid material that has a nanometer dimension, 3D  particles 2D  thin films 1D  thin wire Nanophase Material: the same as nanostructured material. Quantum Dot: A particle that exhibits a size quantization effects in at least 1D.

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24  Aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas.suspensionsolidliquidgas  Milk is an emulsified colloid of liquid butterfat globules dispersed within a water-based solution. Milkemulsifiedbutterfatwater  Micelle is an aggregate of surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquid colloidsurfactantcolloid

25 To some the word `colloidal' conjures up visions of things indefinite in shape, indefinite in chemical composition and physical properties, fickle in chemical deportment, things infilterable and generally unmanageable. Hedges, 1931 ApplicationInvolved Principles Pharmaceutics, cosmetics, inks, paints, foods, foams, chemicals Formation and stabilization of end-use products Photographic products, ceramics, paper coatings, catalysts, magnetic media Formation of colloids for use in subsequent manufacturing processes Pumping of slurries, coating technology, filtration Handling properties of colloids, rheology, sintering Water purification, fining of wines and beer Destruction of unwanted colloidal systems

26 Nucleation (critical size) Agglomeration Clusters Crystallites Primary particles Particles Growth Typical precipitation reaction: Reactant 1 + Reactant 2 Product + By-product T, t Stabilizer

27 DNA Sequencing: The Sanger Method

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29 Video Journey Into Nanotechnology