Contextualisation in cross- national comparative qualitative/ biographical research Julia Brannen (Thomas Coram research Unit, Institute of Education) Ann Nilsen (University of Bergen)

What is contextualisation? Making sense of data in context that is in relation to other data. Typically it involves: Integrating qualitative and quantitative evidence Reviewing literature Referring to national trend data Using documentary evidence

Contextualisation as a process of interpretation: using different sets/ types of evidence Integration of different sets/ types of evidence (qual and quant) is not straight forward and is a methodological issue Different types of sets/ evidence may serve a conceptual purpose e.g. to transcend levels of society - micro and macro

Two main traditions in comparative cross-national research Case-based comparative research e.g. comparative cross-national qualitative studies Variable-based comparative research: e.g. European surveys

A case-based comparative Xnational approach (adopted in our own study) Criteria for selection of cases (countries, organisations/ institutions and ‘samples’ of individuals) Case selection on criteria of similarity versus difference Emphasis is on the whole case – parts cannot be understood without reference to the whole

A case-based Xnational study Transitions: Gender, Parenthood and the European Workplace EU funded under Framework 5

Research design: multiple phases, methods and data Phase 1: Mapping of statistical trends and literature reviews in 8 countries Phase 2: Organisational case studies using qualitative methods (focus groups, interviews and documentation) conducted in 7 countries (2 sectors – public and private) Phase 3: Biographical interviews conducted with individual parents and partners –selected as matched cases across countries from Phase 2

Levels of theorisation: macro, meso and micro Macro: national and European level (survey data; literature; public policy documents) (Phase 1) Meso: organisational case study (Phase 2) Micro: Individual biographical interviews with parents and interviews with partners (Phase 3)

Analysis at different levels Be clear in making interpretations: What is the level - macro, meso, micro - that you are focussing on at any point in interpreting case-based research ?

Aims in Phase 3: Biographical interviews with parents To provide an analysis of parents’ biographies and experiences in relation to different levels of context

Comparative analysis of interview data Comparative analysis of current experiences of being a working parent (Julia to discuss) Comparative analysis of parents’ biographies and their transitions to parenthood (Ann to discuss)

The approach to analysis and writing up National teams did separate analyses of own data to a common framework National teams wrote National Reports to a common framework provided by lead authors of cross-national report Lead authors of Cross-National Report did analyses of cases across countries based upon National Reports and Summaries of each individual parents interviewed by each team (all translated)

Case selection in comparative analysis of parents’ current experiences of working parenthood Selected matched cases in order to compare like with like Compromises had to be made made as comparability incomplete

Comparative cross-national analysis: a multi-layered contextual approach 4 Social Care Assistants’ current experiences of working motherhood (all working in social services) Dahlia large city in Portugal Susanne in large city in Sweden Rosa in medium sized city in Bulgaria Carol in metropolis in UK

Macro Level – the State Paid Parenta l Leave Affordable public childcare Right to part time working after PL Statutory time off for sick child Portugal Low NoNo* Sweden High Yes Bulgaria High*HighNoYes UK LowLow*No*No

Meso/ organisation al level PortugalSweden UKBulgaria ContractsMix Mostly permanent Weekly Hours Short dayYesYes (Law)No Annual leave days Other flexible working SomeYes butLimitedNo PayLowModerateLow- moderate Very low QualificationsLowUpper secondary LowMix

Meso levelPortugalSwedenUKBulgaria Knowledge About FF policy Variable variable Sickness time-off Easy Equal opps Public sector law Yes but None Time off sick children 30 days a year 60 days a year (law) 6 days a year 60 days a year (law)

The micro level: Comparative biographies of 2 care workers Dália (Portugal) left school at 13, full-time employment now lived with parents until married at 28 Two children; first C at 30 husband unemployed Susanne (Sweden) left school at 18 80% time now lived independently before marriage at 23 1 child at 36 husband employed

How did mothers manage? Dália (Portugal) Short paid P leave Grandmother does childcare in child’s home Other help from family Little help from husband Susanne (Sweden) Long shared P Leave Local childcare centre No family nearby Husband active in childcare Long travel to work

How the macro and meso levels play out at the micro level in supporting these 4 mothers? Importance of additional contextual explanations – sources of support / lack of support Some methods do not necessarily reveal rival or additional explanations

Individual interviews: a biographical approach Biography: A story told in the present about events and experiences in a person’s past and her/his expectations for the future

Analysis of parents’ transitions to parenthood (life lines) Timing of key events in the life course in relation to The cohort s/he belongs to The overall conditions in the historical period in which a life is lived and the structural context of the society The person’s gender and social class etc

Based on analysis by national teams Life lines provided –Comparisons between own data and national data, for example typical timing of parenthood in the life course for age, social class –Timings of life course transitions of individuals in relation to other transitions –Contrasts between life lines within countries

Value of a biographical/ life course approach to the national teams How life course transitions are interpreted and talked about by the interviewee How different layers of context are made relevant in the interviews, particularly with reference to the transition to parenthood How some discourses are silent/silenced Assistance in the selection of cases

Cross-national analysis of life lines (Consolidated Interview Report) Case selection based on material available incl. national reports and summaries Cases chosen with contrasting life course patterns Interview text Reports on meso level data (organisations) and macro level data – national and cross national reports from earlier phases of the study

Examples of analysis ‘from the ground up’ Drawing on all available data Focussing on life lines Analysing life lines with reference to different layers of context including the historical context

Example of life line: UK mother middle education