Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht Chapter 31 Animal Organization and Homeostasis Lecture Outline See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 31.1 Types of Tissue Animal Organization & Homeostasis Tissues are: Collections of specialized cells organized to perform a common function

The four tissue types are: Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Types of Tissue Animal Organization & Homeostasis Epithelial Tissue (epithelium) Forms a continuous layer over body surfaces Lines body cavities Forms glands Epithelial cells may be connected to one another by Tight junctions Adhesion junctions Gap junctions

Functions of epithelial tissue include: Protection Secretion Absorption Excretion Filtration

3 types of epithelial tissue Simple Stratified glandular

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Types of Tissue Animal Organization & Homeostasis Simple Epithelia - A single layer of cells Classified according to cell type: Squamous epithelium – flattened cells Cuboidal epithelium – cube-shaped cells Columnar epithelium – cells resembling columns

Glandular Epithelia - Secretes a product A gland can be a single epithelial cell or can contain many cells Exocrine glands - Secrete products into ducts or cavities Endocrine glands - Secrete products directly into the bloodstream

Stratified Epithelia – Layers of cells

Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates Animal Organization & Homeostasis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Simple squamous Simple cuboidal • lining of kidney tubules, various glands • absorbs molecules • lining of lungs, blood vessels • allows diffusion basement membrane basement membrane (All): © Ed Reschke

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates Animal Organization & Homeostasis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Pseudostratified, ciliated columnar Stratified squamous Simple columnar • lining of nose, mouth, esophagus, anal canal, vagina • protects • lining of small intestine, oviducts • absorbs nutrients • lining of trachea • sweeps impurities toward throat cilia goblet cell secretes mucus goblet cell secretes mucus basement membrane basement membrane basement membrane (All): © Ed Reschke 11

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Animal Organization & Homeostasis Connective tissue functions: Establishing a structural framework Transporting fluids and dissolved materials Protecting delicate organs Supporting, surrounding and interconnecting tissues Storing energy reserves Defending the body from microorganisms 12

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Animal Organization & Homeostasis Connective tissue: Specialized cells Ground substance - Noncellular material Protein fibers Collagen fibers - contain collagen providing strength and flexibility Reticular fibers – contain thinly branched collagen fibers Elastic fibers – contain elastin

Three categories of connective tissue Fibrous Supportive Fluid

Types of Connective Tissue in Vertebrates Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Types of Connective Tissue in Vertebrates Animal Organization & Homeostasis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Loose fibrous connective tissue Adipose tissue Dense fibrous connective tissue • has space between components. • occurs beneath skin and most epithelial layers. • functions in support and binds organs. • cells are filled with fat. • occurs beneath skin, around heart and other organs. • functions in insulation, stores fat. • has collagenous fibers closely packed. • in dermis of skin, tendons, ligaments. • functions in support. fibroblast 50 µm 50 µm 400x elastic fiber collagen fiber collagen fibers nuclei of fibroblasts nucleus a. b. c. (a, b); (c): © The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc. Dennis Strete, Photographer

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Types of Connective Tissue in Vertebrates Animal Organization & Homeostasis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hyaline cartilage Compact bone • has cells in concentric rings. • occurs in bones of skeleton. • functions in support and protection. • has cells in lacunae. • occurs in nose; in the walls of respiratory passages; at ends of bones, Including ribs. • functions in support and protection. central canal osteon 50 µm chondrocyte within lacunae 320x osteocyte within a lacuna canaliculi matrix 16 d. e. (d, e): © Ed Reschke

Fibrous Connective Tissue Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Fibrous Connective Tissue Animal Organization & Homeostasis consist of: Fibroblast cells A matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers Loose fibrous connective tissue Allows organs to expand Adipose tissue Stores energy Insulates the body and provides padding Dense fibrous connective tissue Strong connective tissue Tendons – connect muscle to bone Ligaments – connect bones to other bones at joints 17

Diagram of Fibrous Connective Tissue Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Diagram of Fibrous Connective Tissue Animal Organization & Homeostasis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stem cell: divides to produce other types of cells Adipose cell: stores fat Collagen fiber: unbranched, strong but flexible Ground substance: fills spaces between cells and fibers Fibroblast: divides to produce other types of cells Reticular fiber: branched, thin, and forms network Elastic fiber: branched and stretchable White blood cell: engulfs pathogens or produces antibodies Blood vessel

Supportive Connective Tissue Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Supportive Connective Tissue Animal Organization & Homeostasis Cartilage Classified according to type of collagen and elastic fibers found in the matrix (hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage) Cartilage cells lie in small chambers (lacuna) in the matrix Bone Matrix is inorganic salts deposited around protein fibers Bone cells are located in lacunae Lacunae arranged in concentric circles within osteons around tiny tubes (central canals)

Fluid Connective Tissues Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Fluid Connective Tissues Animal Organization & Homeostasis Blood A connective tissue in which cells are embedded in a liquid matrix (plasma) Red blood cells – oxygen transport White blood cells – immune response Platelets – involved in the clotting process Functions Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells Removes carbon dioxide and other wastes Lymph A fluid connective tissue located in lymphatic vessels

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Blood, a Liquid Tissue Animal Organization & Homeostasis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. plasma white blood cells (leukocytes) red blood cells (erythrocytes) white blood cell a. Blood sample after centrifugation platelets red blood cell plasma b. Blood smear

Muscular (contractile) Tissue Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Muscular (contractile) Tissue Animal Organization & Homeostasis Contractile cells containing actin and myosin filaments Cells are called muscle fibers Three types of muscle tissue: Skeletal Muscle Voluntary - Long, striated fibers, multinucleated Smooth (visceral) Muscle Involuntary - No striations Cardiac Muscle Striated, but mostly involuntary Cells are bound to each other by intercalated disks Relies on pacemaker cells for regular contraction

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Muscular Tissue Animal Organization & Homeostasis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle • has striated cells with multiple nuclei. • occurs in muscles attached to skeleton. • functions in voluntary movement of body. • has spindle-shaped cells, each with a single nucleus. • cells have no striations. • functions in movement of substances in lumens of body. • is involuntary. • is found in blood vessel walls and walls of the digestive tract. • has branching, striated cells, each with a single nucleus. • occurs in the wall of the heart. • functions in the pumping of blood. • is involuntary. striation nucleus 400 250 smooth muscle cell nucleus intercalated disk nucleus a. b. c. a, c: © Ed Reschke; b: © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Dennis Strete, photographer

Nervous system (functions): Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Nervous system (functions): Animal Organization & Homeostasis Sensory input Sensory receptors detect changes Transmit information to the spinal cord and brain Data integration Spinal cord and brain integrate data Decision is made regarding appropriate response Motor output Response is transmitted to effector (gland or muscle) Effector initiates the actual response

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Nervous Tissue Animal Organization & Homeostasis Conducts electrical impulses Conveys information from one area to another Nervous tissue includes: Neurons Transmit information Consist of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon Outside the brain and spinal cord, fibers bound by connective tissue form nerves.

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Nervous Tissue Animal Organization & Homeostasis Neuroglia Support and nourish neurons Neuroglia in brain include Microglia Astrocytes Oligodentrocytes

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Neurons and Neuroglia Chapter 33 Animal Organization & Homeostasis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. dendrite Neuron nucleus cell body axon Microglia Astrocyte Oligodendrocyte myelin sheath axon b. Micrograph of a neuron 200× Capillary a. Neuron and neuroglia b: © Ed Reschke

Regenerative Medicine Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Regenerative Medicine Animal Organization & Homeostasis In humans, axons outside the brain and spinal cord can regenerate, but not those inside these organs. Injured neurons in CNS degenerate Permanent loss of nervous function. In cold-water fishes and amphibians axon regeneration in the CNS does occur. Several proteins play role in axon regeneration 28

Creating a New Type of Salamander for Limb Regeneration Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Creating a New Type of Salamander for Limb Regeneration Animal Organization & Homeostasis

31.2 Organs, Organ Systems, and Body Cavities Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 31.2 Organs, Organ Systems, and Body Cavities Animal Organization & Homeostasis Organ Composed of two or more tissue types working together for a particular function Organ System Composed of various organs that cooperate to carry out a general process Ex: the digestion of food

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Body Cavities Animal Organization & Homeostasis 1.Dorsal cavity (toward the back) Contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal The brain is in the cranial cavity, and The spinal cord is in the vertebral canal 2. Ventral cavity (toward the front) is divided into The thoracic cavity (includes heart and lungs), The abdominal cavity (most other internal organs), and The pelvic cavity (certain reproductive organs)

Mammalian Body Cavities Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Mammalian Body Cavities Chapter 33 Animal Organization & Homeostasis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cranial cavity: contains brain Dorsal cavity Vertebral cavity: contains spinal cord Thoracic cavity: contains heart, lungs, and esophagus diaphragm Abdominal cavity: contains stomach, liver , spleen, pancreas, and intestines Ventral cavity Pelvic cavity: contains certain reproductive organs a.

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Mammalian Body Cavities Chapter 33 Animal Organization & Homeostasis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Thoracic cavity: contains esophagus, heart, and lungs Abdominal cavity: contains digestive and other organs Pelvic cavity: contains reproductive and other organs 33 b.

31.3 The Integumentary System Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 31.3 The Integumentary System Animal Organization & Homeostasis Functions of skin Covers and protects underlying body regions Regulates body temperature, and Contains sensory receptors Skin and its derivatives make up the integumentary system

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Regions of the Skin Animal Organization & Homeostasis Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous Layer 35

- Outer, thinner region Stratified squamous epithelium New cells are pushed outward, become keratinized, and are sloughed off Melanocytes produce melanin (pigment) UV radiation can cause mutations in the DNA of skin cells, leading to skin cancer.

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Animal Organization & Homeostasis Dermis - Deeper and thicker than epidermis Fibrous connective tissue containing elastic and collagen fibers contains: Receptors Nerve fibers Blood vessels Subcutaneous Layer - Loose, connective tissue located below dermis

The Integumentary System Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 The Integumentary System Animal Organization & Homeostasis Accessory Structures of Human Skin: Nails Hair follicles

Nails Grow from nail root and form protective covering of distal portion of fingers and toes

Hair follicles Begin in the dermis and continue through the epidermis Contain oil glands (sebaceous glands) which secrete sebum Lubricates the hair within the follicle as well as the skin

Hair follicles Begin in the dermis and continue through the epidermis Contain oil glands (sebaceous glands) which secrete sebum Lubricates the hair within the follicle as well as the skin

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Human Skin Anatomy Animal Organization & Homeostasis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. hair shaft sweat pore Epidermis melanocytes sensory receptor capillaries oil gland arrector pili muscle Dermis free nerve endings hair follicle hair root sweat gland artery Subcutaneous layer vein nerve adipose tissue

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 The Epidermis Animal Organization & Homeostasis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. flattened and dead cells Epidermis b. Basal cell carcinoma cells undergoing keratinization stem cells and melanocytes dermal projection Dermis a. Photomicrograph of skin c. Melanoma a: © John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited; b: © Ken Greer/Visuals Unlimited; c: © James Stevenson/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 31.4 Homeostasis Animal Organization & Homeostasis The organ systems of the human body contribute to homeostasis: The ability of an organism to maintain a relatively constant internal environment Animals vary to the degree in which they can regulate internal variables.

The organ systems of the human body contribute to homeostasis Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 The organ systems of the human body contribute to homeostasis Animal Organization & Homeostasis 1.The digestive system Takes in and digests food Provides nutrient molecules that replace used nutrients 2.The respiratory system Adds oxygen to the blood Removes carbon dioxide 3.The liver and the kidneys Store excess glucose as glycogen Later, glycogen is broken down to replace the glucose used The hormone insulin regulates glycogen storage 4.The kidneys Under hormonal control as they excrete wastes and salts

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Homeostasis Animal Organization & Homeostasis Homeostatic Control Partially controlled by hormones Ultimately controlled by the nervous system

Negative feedback is the primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps a variable close to a set value Sensor detects change in environment Regulatory center initiates an action to bring the conditions back to normal

Regulation of Room Temperature Using Negative Feedback Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Regulation of Room Temperature Using Negative Feedback Chapter 33 Animal Organization & Homeostasis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center sends data to thermostat directs furnace to turn off 68°F set point Sensor 70°F too hot furnace off negative feedback and return to normal temperature stimulus too hot Homeostasis too cold negative feedback and return to normal temperature stimulus Sensor furnace on 66°F too cold Control center directs furnace to turn on sends data to thermostat 48 68°F set point

Regulation of Body Temperature by Negative Feedback Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Regulation of Body Temperature by Negative Feedback Animal Organization & Homeostasis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center sends data to control center 98.6°F set point directs response to stimulus Sensor Effect Blood vessels dilate; sweat glands secrete. negative feedback and return to normal temperature stimulus above normal Normal body temperature below normal negative feedback and return to normal stimulus Effect Sensor Blood vessels constrict; sweat glands are inactive. Control center directs response to stimulus sends data to control center 98.6°F set point

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Positive feedback Animal Organization & Homeostasis is a mechanism that brings about an ever greater change in the same direction Childbirth process Positive Feedback Does not result in equilibrium Does not occur as often as negative feedback

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Positive Feedback Animal Organization & Homeostasis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2. Signals cause pituitary gland to release the hormone oxytocin. As the level of oxytocin increases, so do uterine contractions until birth occurs. pituitary gland + + uterus 1. Due to uterine contractions, baby’s head presses on cervix, and signals are sent to brain.

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 33 Animation Animal Organization & Homeostasis Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. 52