Cell Biology 4/21/2017 Why Study Cell Biology? The key to every biological problem must finally be sought in the cell, for every living organism is, or at some time has been, a cell. E.B. Wilson, 1925 G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Cell Biology 4/21/2017 Cells are Us G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Cells are Us Cilia on a protozoan Sperm meets egg Cell Biology 4/21/2017 Cells are Us Cilia on a protozoan Sperm meets egg G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Cell Biology 4/21/2017 Red and white blood cells above vessel-forming cells. Cells are Us A person contains about 100 trillion cells. That’s 100,000,000,000,000 or 1 x 1014 cells. There are about 200 different cell types in mammals (one of us). nerve cell G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

CELL SIZE Smallest cell in the human body is the sperm cell Largest cell in the human body is the egg cell

Most cells are small 1. Surface to volume ratio: cell has to be small enough to get Waste out Nutrients in 2. The nucleus can only control a certain size cell

Robert Hooke Used a microscope to look at small object and coined the term “cells” They looked like little boxes that monks lived in called “cells”

Anton von Leewenhoek FIRST person to OBSERVE and DESCRIBE MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS and LIVING CELLS.

Matthias Schleiden : “plants are made of cells” Theodor Schwann : “Animals are made of cells” Schwann

Cell Biology 4/21/2017 The Cell Theory The cell theory (proposed independently in 1838 and 1839) is a cornerstone of biology. Proposed by Rudolph Virchow 1. All living things are made of cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function 3. New cells come from preexisting cells. *cells are different shapes and sizes based on their function G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

A Sense of Scale and Abundance – Bacteria on the Head of a Pin Cell Biology 4/21/2017 A Sense of Scale and Abundance – Bacteria on the Head of a Pin G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Two Fundamentally Different Types of Cells Cell Biology 4/21/2017 Two Fundamentally Different Types of Cells G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Us vs. Them -Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Cell Biology 4/21/2017 Us vs. Them -Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Organisms whose cell contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles are called EUKARYOTES Organisms whose cells never contain (or lack) a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles are called PROKARYOTES

Major Divisions of the Eukaryotic Cell Cell Biology 4/21/2017 Major Divisions of the Eukaryotic Cell NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM CELL MEMBRANE G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

A rat liver cell (with color enhancement to show organelles) Cell Biology 4/21/2017 A rat liver cell (with color enhancement to show organelles) G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Cell Biology 4/21/2017 It’s Crowded In There An artist’s conception of the cytoplasm - the region of a cell that’s not in the nucleus or within an organelle. G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Cell Biology 4/21/2017 It’s Crowded In There A micrograph showing cytoskeleton (red), ribosomes (green), and membrane (blue) G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Animal and Plant Cells Have More Similarities Than Differences Cell Biology 4/21/2017 Animal and Plant Cells Have More Similarities Than Differences G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Cell Biology 4/21/2017 Cellular Anatomy We’ll start by seeing what role these parts play in making and moving proteins. G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Control center of the cell Surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores Cell Biology 4/21/2017 The Nucleus Control center of the cell Surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores DNA is in the form of chromatin which condenses down into chromosomes G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell Biology 4/21/2017 Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Ribosome Ribosomes Are Not Surrounded by a membrane. They are the site of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (Production or Construction) in a cell.

The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell Biology 4/21/2017 The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Studded with ribosomes Protein synthesis (about half the cell’s proteins are made here). Protein movement (transport) G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Smooth ER SMOOTH ER IS NOT Covered with RIBOSOMES and processes LIPIDS and CARBOHYDRATES. The Smooth ER is involved in the synthesis of steroids in gland cells, the regulation of calcium levels in muscle cells, and the breakdown of toxic substances by liver cells.

Cystic Fibrosis Click here to see the article. Cell Biology 4/21/2017 G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Golgi Apparatus Processing, Packaging and Secreting Organelle of the Cell that is made of flattened SAC                              

The Lysosome Functions: Digesting food or cellular invaders Cell Biology 4/21/2017 The Lysosome Functions: Digesting food or cellular invaders Recycling cellular components G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Cell Biology 4/21/2017 The Lysosome This bacterium about to be eaten by an immune system cell will spend the last minutes of its existence within a lysosome. G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Many Diseases are Caused by Lysosome Malfunction Cell Biology 4/21/2017 Many Diseases are Caused by Lysosome Malfunction G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Cell Biology 4/21/2017 Cellular Anatomy G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Cell Biology The Mitochondrion 4/21/2017 Think of the mitochondrion as the powerhouse of the cell. Both plant and animal cells contain many mitochondria. G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Mitochondrial Diseases Cell Biology 4/21/2017 Mitochondrial Diseases G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Mitochondria and Health Cell Biology 4/21/2017 Mitochondria and Health G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Animal vs. Plant Cells – Chloroplasts Are a Big Part of the Difference Cell Biology 4/21/2017 Animal vs. Plant Cells – Chloroplasts Are a Big Part of the Difference G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Cell Biology 4/21/2017 Cells In a Leaf G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Cell Biology 4/21/2017 The Chloroplast Think of the chloroplast as the solar panel of the plant cell. Only plants have chloroplasts; they perform photosynthesis G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Two Other Unique Features of Plant Cells Cell Biology 4/21/2017 Two Other Unique Features of Plant Cells The central vacuole may occupy 90% of a plant cell. G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

A Consequence of Cell Walls – the Great Strength of Woody Plants Cell Biology 4/21/2017 A Consequence of Cell Walls – the Great Strength of Woody Plants G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

The Central Vacuole Controls Turgor Pressure Cell Biology 4/21/2017 The Central Vacuole Controls Turgor Pressure Flaccid – no water Turgid – full of water G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Cell Biology 4/21/2017 Cellular Anatomy G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Cell Biology 4/21/2017 The Cytoskeleton An animal cell cytoskeleton The name is misleading. The cytoskeleton is the skeleton of the cell, but it’s also like the muscular system, able to change the shape of cells in a flash. Maintains the shape of the cell Aids in movement G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

A Cytoskeleton Gallery Cell Biology 4/21/2017 A Cytoskeleton Gallery G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

The Cytoskeleton in Action Cell Biology 4/21/2017 The Cytoskeleton in Action A white blood cell using the cytoskeleton to “reach out” for a hapless bacterium. G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

The Cytoskeleton in Action Cell Biology 4/21/2017 The Cytoskeleton in Action Cilia on a protozoan Beating sperm tail at fertilization Smoker’s cough is due to destruction of cilia linking the airways. G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

Cell membrane The Cell Membrane is a complex barrier separating the cell from it's external environment. The "Selectively Permeable" Membrane regulates what passes into and out of the cell.

Cell Wall Plant cells have a cell wall. A Cell Wall DOES NOT REPLACE the Cell Membrane; Cells with WALLS also have a CELL MEMBRANE.  Plant Cells are covered by a Rigid Cell Wall that lies Outside the Cell Membrane.