Zhihua (Tina) Fan Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute Sponsored by RWJMS-UMDNJ and Rutgers University Piscataway, NJ NUATRC Air Toxics Workshop II Spatial Variation of Air Toxics in a “Hot Spot”: Camden in New Jersey June 12-13, 2007

Gaps in Understanding Health Effects of Air Toxics  Exposure to air toxics and associated health risks in “hot spots” may be under-estimated based on routine ambient air monitoring program.  Limited ambient concentration and personal exposure data of air toxics in community level  Limited spatial variation data of air toxics.

Objectives of the Main Study  To characterize local ambient and personal concentrations of air toxics in a suspected “hotspot” - the Village of Waterfront South (WFS) neighborhood in Camden, NJ.  To assess the impact of local industrial and mobile sources on measured neighborhood ambient concentrations and personal exposures in the WFS.

Background Information about the WFS  Mixed Sources of Air Toxics and high density of local emission sources  High asthma incidence rate  High carcinogenic risk predicted by NATA  Low socioeconomic-status residents

Local Emission Sources of Air Pollutants  Industrial sources A total of 26 industrial and manufacturing facilities, e.g. Camden sewage treatment plant, recycling factory, St. Lawrence Cement Company, Camden Iron and Metal, etc.  Mobile sources  Local diesel truck traffic: >100,000 trucks/year travel through this community.  HYW 676 and major roads  Urban Sources Philadelphia (~ 20 miles west of WFS)

Industrial Facilities in WFS

HWY 676 (Left) and Sewage Treatment Plants (right)

WFS (60 subjects) winter summer weekday weekend weekday weekend CDS (40 subjects) winter summer weekdayweekend weekday weekend Neighborhood Ambient and Personal Measurements 24-h outdoor and personal samples Four types of air toxic substances ( small particles, Volatile Organic Compounds, carbonyls, & Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (soot)) Baseline and Activity questionnaires and Time/Activity Diaries Modeling approach Main Study Design

Study Areas in Camden, NJ : the fixed sampling sites CDS - Reference area WFS – Hot Spot

Objectives of the Spatial Variation Study  To characterize the spatial variation of air toxics in WFS and CDS.  To conduct accurate assessment of the impact of local sources on ambient neighborhood levels of and personal exposure to air toxics.  To identify the major sources of air toxics in the WFS.

“Saturation Sampling” - Detailed Spatial Measurements of Air Toxics Outdoors  A total of 38 locations were selected as sampling sites for the “saturation sampling” study. 22 in the WFS and 16 in the CDS  Sampling duration: 24 and 48 hours  Two summer and one winter sampling campaigns  Target compounds VOCs (3M OVM badge) Carbonyls (PAKS)

VOCsAldehydes 1,3-ButadieneFormaldehyde BenzeneAcetaldehyde Carbon tetrachlorideAcrolein Chloroform Ethyl benzene Methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE) Styrene Toluene Styrene Xylenes Target Compounds

“Saturation Sampling” Sites Fixed Site

VOC and Carbonyl Samplers Placed at the “Saturation Sampling” Sites

Spatial Distribution of Toluene (g/m 3 ) (Aug , 2005) PINTO BROTHERS RECYCLING. Inc.

Toluene Concentration Downwind of the Facility (Aug , 2005)

Spatial Distribution of Toluene (g/m 3 ) (07/20-22 and 12/21-23, 2005)

Outdoor Toluene Levels Obtained from Main Study (g/m 3 )

Spatial Distribution of MTBE (g/m 3 )

Outdoor MTBE Levels Obtained from Main Study (g/m 3 ) CDS WFS

Spatial Distribution of Benzene (g/m 3 )

Correlation Coefficients (R 2 ) between MTBE and BETX

Spatial Distribution of Formaldehyde (g/m 3 )

Summary  Hot spots for MTBE and aromatic VOCs were observed in WFS, indicating the contribution of local stationary sources of these compounds to the ambient neighborhood air pollution.  The major impact of emissions from the stationary sources was observed downwind but within 300 m of the facility.

Summary-cont’d  Formaldehyde levels were found high in both areas, indicating significant impact of diesel emissions on the ambient formaldehyde air pollution in both WFS and CDS.  The small spatial variation of all the target compounds and high correlation between MTBE and BETX indicated mobile sources are the contributors to ambient air pollution in CDS.

Implications  For Air Toxic problems, “saturation sampling” and/or personal monitoring are recommended for examining the impact of industrial or other major local sources on community air pollution and potential personal exposure.  The spatial variation study can  Better define the population at high exposure risks in hot spot areas.  Identify the major air toxics sources of concerns.  Aid in developing effective controlling strategies to reduce community exposure to air toxics.

Acknowledgments  Investigators at EOHSI: P. Lioy, S.W. Wang, P. Georgopoulos, J. Zhang, and P. Ohman-Strickland  Staff and students at EOHSI: X. Zhu, X. Wu, Q. Meng, J. Herrington, KH. Jung, X. Tang, and M. Rodriguez.  Collaborator at the NJ DEP: L. Bonanno  This study is supported solely by the Health Effects Institute (HEI Agreement Number: RFA03-1/03-15 ).