H H chapter 1: neurons as the building blocks of behavior H H measuring behavior H H in a natural setting H H in a laboratory setting H H chapter 1: neurons as the building blocks of behavior H H measuring behavior H H in a natural setting H H in a laboratory setting #02: BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS

H H Pavlov & Thorndike LABORATORY SETTING

H H learn temporal relationships H H value of CS changes, predicts occurrence of US p.10 fig.1.4 H H food = unconditioned stimulus (US)... H H salivation = unconditioned response (UR) to US H H bell = conditioned stimulus (CS)... H H CS (naïve)  0 response H H CS + US pairing = training H H CS (trained)  salivation = conditioned response (CR) H H Pavlov: classical or Pavlovian conditioning, dogs H H stimulus “value” changes when paired with another LABORATORY SETTING

H H cat associates own escape behavior with box features H H food in view outside box (motivation) H H levels of difficulty ( e.g., pull string to excape) H H record time for escape p.10 fig.1.4 H H Thorndike: instrumental or operant conditioning H H hungry cats, puzzle boxes LABORATORY SETTING

H H in both, animals learn... H H existence of stimuli H H temporal relationships among stimuli H H in operant only, animals learn... H H relationships between stimuli & their own behavior H H in classical, animals receive... H H measured stimulus, controlled by experimenter H H in operant, animals receive... H H stimulus determined by time to elicit behavior H H learning is usually a combination of classical & operant LABORATORY SETTING

H H test: previously unseen pairs H H able to transfer the “rule” to new situations H H did not simply learn pattern of cards H H learned that relationship between stimuli is critial p.12 fig.1.5 H H train: food reward for turning H H right if top lighter H H left if top darker H H what do animals associate in associative learning ? H H rats, radial arm maze (B) H H left & right choices H H paired light & dark stimuli (A) LABORATORY SETTING

H H other tests using the radial arm maze p.12 fig.1.5 H H trained to retrieve food from each arm, no revisits H H remember which arms visited within each trial H H no need to remember info from trial to trial H H uses working memory H H trained with food in some arms H H memory from trial to trial H H uses reference memory LABORATORY SETTING

development  physiology  behavior STRUCTURE FUNCTION Neurobiology LABORATORY SETTING

E1E1 E2E2 G1G1 G2G2 H H components of phenotypes MEASURING BEHAVIOR – VARIATION

H H components of phenotypes ( e.g., behavior) H H P = G + E + G*E H H genotype (heredity) H H environment (experience) H H interaction... for our purposes this could be... H H behavior = instinct + learning +... ? MEASURING BEHAVIOR – VARIATION

G 1 G 2 PHENOTYPE G ENVIRONMENT E 1 E 2 E 1 E 2 G+E E E 1 E 2 E 1 E 2 G*E MEASURING BEHAVIOR – VARIATION

H H components of phenotypes ( e.g., behavior) H H P = G + E + G*E H H genotype (heredity) H H environment (experience) H H interaction H H where does E come from ? MEASURING BEHAVIOR – VARIATION

GENES MESSAGES PEPTIDES PROTEINS PROTEIN COMPLEXES ORGANELLES NEURONS ASSEMBLIES STRUCTURES CIRCUITS NERVOUS SYSTEM WHOLE ANIMAL BEHAVIOR EXPERIENCE ENVIRONMENT PLASTICITY vertical integration INFORMATION FLOW ENVIRONMENT

H H components of phenotypes ( e.g., behavior) H H P = G + E + G*E H H genotype (heredity) H H environment (experience) H H interaction H H where does E come from ? H H what aspects of E would you try to control in your behavior experiment ? H H what would you need to include ? MEASURING BEHAVIOR – VARIATION

H H components of phenotypes ( e.g., behavior) H H P = G + E + G*E H H genotype (heredity) H H environment (experience) H H interaction H H where does E come from ? H H where does G come from ? MEASURING BEHAVIOR – VARIATION

GENES MESSAGES PEPTIDES PROTEINS PROTEIN COMPLEXES ORGANELLES NEURONS ASSEMBLIES STRUCTURES CIRCUITS NERVOUS SYSTEM WHOLE ANIMAL BEHAVIOR EXPERIENCE ENVIRONMENT PLASTICITY vertical integration INFORMATION FLOW

GENES MESSAGES PEPTIDES PROTEINS PROTEIN COMPLEXES ORGANELLES NEURONS ASSEMBLIES STRUCTURES CIRCUITS NERVOUS SYSTEM WHOLE ANIMAL BEHAVIOR EXPERIENCE ENVIRONMENT PLASTICITY vertical integration INFORMATION FLOW

H H how to identify natural sources: H H gene # / influence from F 2 phenotype ratios SOURCES OF GENETIC VARIATION

0 1 FREQUENCY PHENOTYPE 1 gene 1 allele (  = 0) GENETIC  PHENOTYPIC VARIATION

FREQUENCY PHENOTYPE 1 gene 2 alleles no dominance GENETIC  PHENOTYPIC VARIATION

FREQUENCY PHENOTYPE GENETIC  PHENOTYPIC VARIATION 2 additive genes 2 alleles each no dominance

FREQUENCY PHENOTYPE genes 14n14n GENETIC  PHENOTYPIC VARIATION 3 additive genes 2 alleles each no dominance

H H how to identify natural sources: H H gene # / influence from F 2 phenotype ratios H H artificial selection SOURCES OF GENETIC VARIATION

FREQUENCY PHENOTYPE GENETIC  PHENOTYPIC VARIATION n additive genes 2 alleles each no dominance

xxxx FREQUENCY 0.00 PHENOTYPE MEASURING BEHAVIOR – ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION – LEARNING IN FLIES

relax selection fixed not ARTIFICIAL SELECTION – LEARNING IN FLIES

H speed things up with induced sources: H chemical mutagens – “point” mutations H ionizing radiation – chromosome rearrangements H transposon insertions – disrupt gene activity H transgene expression– block / add / change gene function – qualitative / quantitative – spatial / temporal control H H how to identify natural sources: H H gene # / influence from F 2 phenotype ratios H H artificial selection SOURCES OF GENETIC VARIATION

H induced sources of genetic variation: + : rapid gain toward understanding mechanism − : may find a subset of the genes evolution “designed” to control behavior H H natural sources of genetic variation: + + : the genes evolution “designed” to control of behavior − − : lots of effort, little gain toward understanding mechanism SOURCES OF GENETIC VARIATION

1 GENE

POLYGENY

PLEIOTROPY

development  physiology  behavior STRUCTURE FUNCTION Neurobiology LABORATORY SETTING

H H behavior H H significance H H interesting H H invariant H H convenience H H cost H H sample size H H maintenance H H disease H H research tools H H genetics / genomics H H molecular biology H H cell biology H H pharmacology H H physiology H H anatomy H H ethical issues H H organisms H H research questions H H homology ? A GOOD BEHAVIOR MODEL ORGANISM ?