Microprocessors Chapter 1 powered by dj1

Slide 2 of 66Chapter 1 Objectives  Discuss the working of microprocessor  Discuss the various interfaces of microprocessor  List the types of microprocessors  Discuss the evolution of microprocessors  List the different microprocessor designs  Install the microprocessor  Configure the microprocessor for overclocking  Upgrade the microprocessor  Identify the problems related to microprocessor powered by dj2

Slide 3 of 66Chapter 1 Microprocessor  Is a chip  Has transistors built into it  Has cache to store information powered by dj3

Slide 4 of 66Chapter 1 Working of the Microprocessor  Accepts data  Processes data  Stores data  Sends output data powered by dj4

Slide 5 of 66Chapter 1 Speed of Microprocessor  Depends on number of instructions it processes  Bandwidth (32/64 bit)  Clock speed (GHz)  Number of transistors built into it powered by dj5

Slide 6 of 66Chapter 1 Multitasking/Multiprocessing  Multitasking means the processor time is divided into no. of tasks  Enables the processor to run multiple program simultaneously  Reduces the processor idle time  Multiprocessing means parallel processing used for simultaneously running more than one process by multiple processing units  Each processing unit runs independently and may or may not have individual cache memory  Most effective when used with application software powered by dj6

Slide 7 of 66Chapter 1 Question for GD Time Limit – 5 Mins  What is multitasking and multiprocessing? powered by dj7

Slide 8 of 66Chapter 1 Interface of Microprocessor  Explain different types of bus.  Steps followed by the microprocessor to interface with a device: Checks the status of the device. Requests the device for transferring data. The device sends the data request to the microprocessor. The microprocessor sends the required data to the device. powered by dj8

Slide 9 of 66Chapter 1 FSB/BSB  FSB interfaces between the L2 cache on processor to the north bridge of motherboard  Also known as system bus or memory bus  Speed at which CPU communicates with RAM  BSB interfaces between L1 cache on processor with L2 cache  BSB is faster than FSB powered by dj9

Slide 10 of 66Chapter 1 Operating Voltage of Microprocessor  Lowering the operating voltage decreases the power consumption  Less power consumption, system is less expensive to run and more battery life  Less voltage of the equipment generates less heat  Processors that run cooler give better performance  Operating voltage range is 1.2 to 2.5V powered by dj10

Slide 11 of 66Chapter 1 Practical  Perform the activity mentioned in Lab no. 1 in the text book: To know different specifications of a processor. powered by dj11

Slide 12 of 66Chapter 1 Types of microprocessor - I  Based on the number of instructions built into it, they can be classified as: Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) – Many instructions built into it which saves processing time for performing tasks otherwise it has to be retrieved from RAM. However it affects the performance of the microprocessor because more time is taken to process the instruction and also the space available on the microprocessor for processing reduces. powered by dj12

Slide 13 of 66Chapter 1 Types of microprocessor - II  Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) – Have limited instructions built into it which requires few transistors to be built into the microprocessor.  Saves the space in the microprocessor and cheaper as compared to CISC processor.  This processor is favorable for scientific purposes where limited instructions are required powered by dj13

Slide 14 of 66Chapter 1 Question for GD Time Limit – 2 Mins  What is the difference between CISC and RISC based processor and what is the application of CISC and RISC based processor? powered by dj14

Slide 15 of 66Chapter 1 Microprocessors Timeline powered by dj15

Slide 16 of 66Chapter 1 Intel Pentium Microprocessor  Designed to work with everyday applications Word processors Spreadsheets Multimedia applications Games  Versions Pentium I Pentium II Pentium III Pentium IV powered by dj16

Slide 17 of 66Chapter 1 Pentium I  Released in 1993  First chip from the fifth generation of microprocessors  Has a 5-stage data pipeline for executing instructions to perform multiple calculations simultaneously powered by dj17

Slide 18 of 66Chapter 1 Pentium II  Released in 1997  Available on a daughter card that has L2 cache  Has a 14-stage data pipeline for executing instructions powered by dj18

Slide 19 of 66Chapter 1 Pentium III  Released in 1999  Has a unique Processor Serial Number (PSN) embedded in the chip  Has a 10-stage data pipeline for executing instructions  Has 70 more instructions built into it which enhances processing of graphical information powered by dj19

Slide 20 of 66Chapter 1 Pentium IV  Released in 2000  Enables to work with applications that require a lot of processing such as digital photography  Has a 20-stage data pipeline for executing instructions  Also available in the following editions: Hyper-Threading (HT) HT Extreme powered by dj20

Slide 21 of 66Chapter 1 Intel Celeron  Cheaper and economical  Used for running applications that do not require a lot of processing  Smaller cache size, clock speed and bus speed is also less  Celeron D processor has 256 KB L2 cache, 533 MHz FSB and uses LGA775 socket powered by dj21

Slide 22 of 66Chapter 1 Hyper Threading (HT)  Developed by Intel, hyper threading enables a single processor to work as two logically different processors.  A single code of execution is known as thread.  In HT technology two threads from different programs can be executed by the processor at a time.  This technology works only when two processes with high requirement are running, such as a video editing tool and an antivirus. powered by dj22

Slide 23 of 66Chapter 1 Intel’s New Features  Speed Step Technology – Known as Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST) which allows the system to dynamically adjust processor voltage and core frequency.  Execute Disable Bit - An Intel hardware- based security feature that can help reduce system exposure to viruses and malicious code. powered by dj23

Slide 24 of 66Chapter 1 Intel Core2Duo  Deliver faster performance, greater energy efficiency, and more responsive multitasking.  Processors built with Intel's unique 45nm technology offer excellent performance as well as unique energy-saving features that help PCs meet ENERGY STAR requirements.  Get the best overall performance with Intel Core2 Duo processor which includes up to 6MB of shared L2 cache and up to 1333 MHz FSB. powered by dj24

Slide 25 of 66Chapter 1 Difference between Dual Core & Core2Duo - I  Dual core is simply a generic term referring to any processor package with two physical CPUs in one.  Pentium D is simply two Pentium 4 Prescott cpus inefficiently paired together and ran as dual core.  Core Duo is Intel's first generation dual core processor based upon the Pentium M made mostly for laptops and is much more efficiently than Pentium D. Intel Dual Core Processors are just launched striped down version of Core 2 Duos. powered by dj25

Slide 26 of 66Chapter 1 Difference between Dual Core & Core2Duo - II  The Core 2 Duo is Intel's second generation (hence, Core 2) processor made for desktops and laptops designed from the ground up to be fast while not consuming nearly as much power as previous CPUs. The Core 2 Duo has two cores inside a single physical package.  Actual Difference between both Process is about Load Balancing. DUAL CORE have two Processors in Series both working at same time. while CORE 2 DUO have two Parallel Processors which share the load. If one processor heats up then it transfers load to next processor. powered by dj26

Slide 27 of 66Chapter 1 Intel Core2Quad  Latest four-core Intel Core 2 Quad processors are built on 45nm Intel Core microarchitecture enabling faster, cooler, and quieter desktop PC and workstation experiences.  With optional Intel vPro technology, you have the ability to remotely isolate, diagnose, and repair infected desktop and mobile workstations wirelessly even if the PC is off, or the OS is unresponsive.  With four processing cores, up to 12MB of shared L2 cache and 1333 MHz Front Side Bus. powered by dj27

Slide 28 of 66Chapter 1 Intel Centrino Mobile Technology  Released in the year 2003  Uses the SSE instruction set  Has 2 MB L2 cache and supports USB 2.0  The components that constitute this technology are: Intel Pentium M Processor Intel 855 chipset family Intel PRO/Wireless 2100 Network connection powered by dj28

Slide 29 of 66Chapter 1 Intel Pentium M  Small in size  Consumes less energy and prolongs the battery life  Used in Laptops Notebook computers powered by dj29

Slide 30 of 66Chapter 1 Intel Atom  Intel's smallest processor, built with the world's smallest transistors and manufactured on Intel's industry-leading 45nm technology.  Was purpose-built for simple, affordable, netbooks and nettops.  Targeted performance for a good online experience.  They are rugged and compact in design, and offer the freedom and flexibility of wireless connectivity. powered by dj30

Slide 31 of 66Chapter 1 Intel’s Nehalem Architecture  Includes a four core design with two separate QPI (Quick Path Interconnect) links and large L3 cache in relation to the rest of the chip.  Now with the Nehalem design, Intel can easily create a range of processors from 1 core to 8 cores depending on the application and market demands. powered by dj31

Slide 32 of 66Chapter 1 Core i3 Processor  Supports hyper threading technology.  Include three models for desktop processors: i3-530, i3-540 and i  Speed of these four models ranges from 2.93 GHz to 3.2 GHz.  Consist of two cores with four threads.  Includes 4MB of Intel smart cache and based on 32nm microarchitecture. powered by dj32

Slide 33 of 66Chapter 1 Core i5/i7 Processor  Core i5 processor includes turbo boost technology, which enables processor to adjust with user’s computing need.  Speed of core i5 processor models ranges from 1.06 GHz to 3.46 GHz which includes 4MB and 8MB smart cache.  Intel’s Core i7 processors include a new processor, new CPU socket, new memory architecture, new chipset, new motherboards and new over clocking methods. powered by dj33

Slide 34 of 66Chapter 1 New Intel Features - I  Intel turbo boost technology - Allows processor cores to run faster than the base operating frequency if it's operating below power, current, and temperature specification limits.  Smart cache - A multi-core optimized cache that significantly reduces latency to frequently used data, thus improving performance and efficiency powered by dj34

Slide 35 of 66Chapter 1 New Intel Features - II  Virtualization - Virtualization is a technology used to run multiple virtual machines on a single physical machine. Each virtual machine running on a single physical machine sharing the resources of the same machine which reduces the power and cooling requirements.  Intel 64 Technology - Intel 64 technology allows the processor to run newly written 64 bit code and allows to access large amount of memory. Used in Pentium 4, Pentium D, Core 2 processors, core i3, i5 and i7 processors etc. powered by dj35

Slide 36 of 66Chapter 1 Group Activity Time Limit – 5 Mins  Draw a window pane on different types of processor covered so far. powered by dj36

Slide 37 of 66Chapter 1 Intel Xeon  Heavy-duty microprocessors  Used to power servers and workstations on a network  Supports multiprocessors powered by dj37

Slide 38 of 66Chapter 1 Intel Itanium  Used to power network servers and workstations  Can execute three instructions at a time  Is a Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) based microprocessor  Cost is more than Xeon processors  Used in database and servers powered by dj38

Slide 39 of 66Chapter 1 Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)  Created in the year 1969  Developed Sempron Athlon Phenom  Cheaper than Pentium processors  Uses socket AM2 to connect the AMD microprocessor to the motherboard powered by dj39

Slide 40 of 66Chapter 1 Dual Core  Two cores on a single die comprise a dual core CPU  Each of the cores has their own cache, can process independently and provide better performance  To make use of dual core technology, the process must use multiple threads  Well suited for multitasking environment  Intel and AMD provide dual core processors for various segments powered by dj40

Slide 41 of 66Chapter 1 AMD Ratings  MHz = (XP rating/1.5) + (500/1.5)  For example, with an Athlon 1600, the math would break down like this: MHz = (1600/1.5) + (500/1.5) MHz = ( ) + (333.33) MHz = which would be equivalent to the last incarnation of the Pentium 3 (at 1400 MHz). powered by dj41

Slide 42 of 66Chapter 1 Microprocessor Design  Specifies the type of the microprocessor that can be installed on the motherboard  Uses socket on which processor is installed. powered by dj42

Slide 43 of 66Chapter 1 Socket 370  370 pins arranged in six rows  Has L2 cache built into the microprocessor  Supports Celeron 2 and Pentium III microprocessors powered by dj43

Slide 44 of 66Chapter 1 Socket 462  Known as Socket A  Has 462 pins but 9 pins are blocked  Has the L2 cache built into the microprocessor  Supports the AMD’s Athlon and Duron microprocessors powered by dj44

Slide 45 of 66Chapter 1 Socket 478  Has 478 pins  Has the L2 cache built into the microprocessor  Supports the Intel Pentium 4 microprocessor powered by dj45

Slide 46 of 66Chapter 1 Socket 754  Developed by AMD and used for Athlon 64 or Sempron processors  Supports 64 bit computing processors  Has 754 pins and PGA-ZIF type  Voltage range is 0.8 to 1.55V  Supports 800MHz bus speed powered by dj46

Slide 47 of 66Chapter 1 Socket 775  Developed by Intel used with Intel's latest processors such as Pentium D, P4 with HT and P4 extreme edition processors  Also supports 64 bit computing technology  Has 775 pins and LGA-ZIF type powered by dj47

Slide 48 of 66Chapter 1 Socket 940  Is a 940-pin socket for 64-bit AMD server processors.  AMD's Opetron and the older AMD Athlon 64 FX (FX-51) use Socket 940. powered by dj48

Slide 49 of 66Chapter 1 Socket LGA I  Also known as socket H.  LGA 1156 allows following connections from processor to rest of the system. PCI Express 2.0x 16 connection for communication with graphic cards. Direct media interface (DMI) is used to communicate between IOH and ICH. Two memory channels for communication with DDR3 SDRAM. powered by dj49

Slide 50 of 66Chapter 1 Socket LGA II Intel H55, H57, Q57 and P55 are the desktop chipsets that supports LGA 1156 socket which has Intel i3, i5, and i7 processors installed. powered by dj50

Slide 51 of 66Chapter 1 LGA 1366  Also known as socket B.  Support 3 channels of DDR3 memory through the processor’s internal memory controller.  Uses quick path interconnect (QPI) with frequencies upto 3.2GHz to connect CPU to north bridge.  A direct media access (DMI) is used to connect northbridge and south bridge components.  Core i7 and Xeon processors use these sockets. powered by dj51

Slide 52 of 66Chapter 1 Practical  Perform the activity mentioned in Lab no. 2 in the text book: To recognize different types of processor sockets on motherboard. powered by dj52

Slide 53 of 66Chapter 1 Practical  Perform the activity mentioned in Lab no. 3 in the text book: To install the processor in the LGA 775 socket. Click on the image to run the video powered by dj53

Slide 54 of 66Chapter 1 Heat Sink  A component that is used to lower the temperature of an electronic device which absorbs heat from the electronic device and distributes it to surrounding environment. Two types of heat sinks available namely:  Passive Heat Sink – The passive heat sink is a metal plate with fins attached to surface of the processor.  Active Heat Sink – An active heat sink is an expansion of passive heat sink with a fan attached on top of the plane metal surface. powered by dj54

Slide 55 of 66Chapter 1 Practical  Perform the activity mentioned in Lab no. 4 in the text book: To install the heat sink on the top of the processor. Click on the image to run the video. powered by dj55

Slide 56 of 66Chapter 1 Configuring the Microprocessor and show P- 32 from CBT  Possible by adjusting the jumpers or by changing the system BIOS  Overclocking the microprocessor to perform faster powered by dj56

Slide 57 of 66Chapter 1 Overclocking - I  Overclocking increases the speed of the microprocessor  You can overclock the microprocessor by changing jumper settings on motherboard or by changing appropriate BIOS settings  Additional cooling devices such as CPU fan must be installed to cool down the processor powered by dj57

Slide 58 of 66Chapter 1 Overclocking - II  Must be done with a great care by increasing clock speed as little as possible every time  Must check documentation of the microprocessor and motherboard before overclocking  Overclocking a processor beyond its maximum capacity can permanently damage the microprocessor powered by dj58

Slide 59 of 66Chapter 1 Question for GD Time Limit – 4 Mins  What is overclocking and when it is required? powered by dj59

Slide 60 of 66Chapter 1 Upgrading the Microprocessor  Improves the speed and performance of the system and to keep the system up to date  To upgrade Replace old microprocessor with new and better microprocessor Replace old processor card on the slot with a new card New processor should be compatible with existing motherboard otherwise you have to replace both processor and motherboard powered by dj60

Slide 61 of 66Chapter 1 Troubleshooting the Microprocessor  Troubleshooting microprocessor techniques solve the problems that arise due to the improper functioning of the microprocessor.  General problems are:  Overheating  Slow Processing or Hanging Issues  No display powered by dj61

Slide 62 of 66Chapter 1 Summary - I  The microprocessor is the heart of the system.  Microprocessors process the data using instructions.  CISC microprocessors have many instructions built into the microprocessor.  RISC microprocessors have limited instructions built into the microprocessor.  The speed of the microprocessor depends on various factors, such as the number of instructions it processes, the bandwidth and the clock speed.  Transistors in the microprocessor boost the data signals on the processor.  Intel Pentium microprocessors are designed to work with everyday applications such as word processors, spreadsheets, multimedia applications, and games. powered by dj62

Slide 63 of 66Chapter 1 Summary - II  Intel Pentium M microprocessors are used for laptops and notebook computers.  Intel Celeron microprocessors are cheaper and more economical than the Pentium microprocessors.  Intel Celeron microprocessors have a smaller cache size than the Pentium microprocessors.  Intel Xeon microprocessors power servers and workstations on a network.  Intel Itanium is an RISC microprocessor that powers network servers and workstations.  AMD Duron and Athlon are economical microprocessors.  The socket on the motherboard connects the microprocessor to the motherboard. powered by dj63

Slide 64 of 66Chapter 1 Summary - III  The different parts of the microprocessor work together to process the data and give the user valuable information.  Intel Core2 Duo processors deliver faster performance, greater energy efficiency, and more responsive multitasking.  Nehalem Architecture includes a new processor, new CPU socket, new memory architecture, new chipset, new motherboards and new over clocking methods.  Configuring the microprocessor is possible by adjusting jumpers on the motherboard or using the system BIOS.  Overclocking the microprocessor increases the speed of the processor.  To upgrade a microprocessor, we replace the microprocessor in the system with a new and better microprocessor.  By troubleshooting, we can solve the microprocessor problems like overheating and slow processing. powered by dj64

Slide 65 of 66Chapter 1 Explorative Work  Refer to Internet, reference books or magazine to get the information.  Do not copy the information provided in this text book.  Consult your faculty for further guidance. powered by dj Processor Sl.MakeSpeedTypeCacheBus SpeedSocketNo. of CoresApprox. Cost

Slide 66 of 66Chapter 1 Mind Map  Draw a mind map to summarize this chapter powered by dj66