Ecosystems.

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Presentation transcript:

Ecosystems

Ecosystem:  All the organisms in a community plus abiotic factors  ecosystems are transformers of energy& processors of matter.  Ecosystems are self-sustaining  what is needed?  energy  producers  cycling of nutrients

Energy budget of ecosystems  Production by autotrophs sets energy budget for an ecosystem Marine light, temperature & nutrients  depth Terrestrial  light, moisture, temperature  latitude & climate  nutrients

Nutrient Cycling Decomposition connects all trophic levels

Energy transfer loss of energy as heat <20% efficiency Nutrients Recycled by…

OK- Time for some definitions here….. Primary Productivity- “the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy.” Defined in terms of either: “G.P.P.” Gross Primary Productivity- Determined by O2 production Or…. “N.P.P.” Net Primary Productivity- Determined by Biomass of dry wt. added (GPP – respiration) g/m2/yr Limiting factors: Sunlight Precipitation Nitrogen & Phosphorus Obviously varies greatly by biome……

Primary production Where is productivity highest per square meter? Total on Earth?

Regional annual net primary productivity Mapping chlorophyll density by satellite

Too much of a good thing? Eutrophication High Phosphorus Algae “over-produce” Lots of Algae die Decomposers consume all the oxygen. (P is limiting nutrient)

Secondary Productivity “rate that CONSUMERS convert chemical energy into their own biomass. Energy flow THROUGH an ecosystem, it does NOT cycle!! Efficiency: Remember the 10% rule “only about 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next” 1__ 10000 1 1000 1_ 100 1 10 1

But speaking of CYCLES….

Even though the atmosphere is over 70% Nitrogen Can NOT be assimilated in its elemental form! This bacteria is called “Rhizobium” Note that this is a different pathway that uses a different set of bacteria. In fact, 3 completely different classes of bacteria!!

Another way in which molecular nitrogen is modified is via the discharge of lightning. The tremendous energy released by the electrical discharges breaks the strong bonds between nitrogen atoms, causing them to react with oxygen. lightning N2 + O2 --------------> 2 NO (nitric oxide) The nitrous oxide formed combines with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide. 2 NO + O2 ---------------> 2NO2 Nitrogen dioxide readily dissolves in water to product nitric and nitrous acids; 2 NO2 + H2O -------> HNO3 + HNO2 Keep in mind that less than 5% of the atmospheric nitrogen gets fixed in this way…

Biomagnifications

BioMagnification  PCBs GE power plant on Hudson River  PCBs in sediment  striped bass nesting areas