Ecological Interactions in Lake Superior Sean Cox, Chris Harvey, and Jim Kitchell Center for Limnology University of Wisconsin, Madison.

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Presentation transcript:

Ecological Interactions in Lake Superior Sean Cox, Chris Harvey, and Jim Kitchell Center for Limnology University of Wisconsin, Madison

Fish community objectives (FCOs) Self-sustaining forage fish populations Maintaining native fish community Self-sustaining lake trout populations Self-sustaining populations of salmon

Outline Lake Superior food web structure: Stable Isotopes Simulating ecological and fishery interactions: Recommendations

PhytoplanktonDetritus Zooplankton Diporeia Herring S. sculpin L.T.Siscowet Burbot D. sculpin ChubWhitefish Mysis Lake Superior pelagic food web (ancestral) Trophic Level

PhytoplanktonDetritus Zooplankton Diporeia Herring S. sculpin L.T.Siscowet Burbot Steelhead Coho Chinook Smelt D. sculpin ChubWhitefish Mysis Sea lamprey Lake Superior pelagic food web (modern) Trophic Level

Heavy to light isotope ratio in tissues 15 N/ 14 N and 13 C/ 12 C Fractionate predictably up food chain What are they? Trophic structure: Stable Isotopes

Tracers of long-term diet history  15 N indicates trophic level  13 C indicates production source What are they used for? Trophic structure: Stable Isotopes

 15 N (‰)  Trophic level  13 C (‰)  Production source Phytoplankton Zooplankton Forage fish Top predator Trophic structure: Stable Isotopes

 15 N (‰)  Trophic level  13 C (‰)  Production source Coho Cladocerans Cycl. Copepods Diporeia Kiyi Cal. Copepods Bloater Seston Dws Lean BurbotSiscowet Chinook Mysis Smelt Herring S. Sculpin Deep Food Web Shallow Food Web Trophic structure: Western L. Superior

The “real” top predator: Sea lamprey

 15 N (‰)  Trophic level Lamprey body mass (grams) Transformers Parasites Spawners Lake herring diet only Isotopes indicate diet changes

Simulating ecological interactions

Fishery Catch - Catch - Effort USGS Trawl Survey - Biomass - Recruitment Exotic Invasion - Smelt - Sea lamprey Food Web Structure - Stable isotopes - Food habits Stock Assessment - Biomass - Recruitment - Harvest rates Ecosystem Simulation Model Species Interactions - Competition - Predation Fishery Interactions

Changes in major species since 1930 Biomass / Biomass in 1930

Deep water food web Chub Siscowet Biomass / Biomass 1930

Deep water food web Biomass / Biomass 1930

Shallow water food web Biomass / Biomass 1930

Key Ecological Effects Potentially important interaction between whitefish and herring Mysis and smelt facilitate energy transfer between deep and shallow food webs System continues to respond to invasion and collapses that occurred more than 50yrs ago

Recommendations Develop management plan aimed specifically at recovery of lake herring Siscowet too, but magnitude is uncertain Whitefish may be headed for moderate decline as they approach carrying capacity

Compensatory recruitment Spawning stock Age-1 Recruitment

Lake herring recruitment, Spawning stock Age-1 Recruitment

Depensatory recruitment Spawning stock Age-1 Recruitment