Air pollution lecture

TODAY IS A COUPLE OF DAYS AFTER THE FIFTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE GULF OIL SPILL THAT OCCURRED ON APRIL 20, 2010.

AIR POLLUTION OUTLINE: Composition of air Causes of air pollution Effects of pollution Human respiratory system Color charts Particulate matter Criteria pollutants Primary and secondary pollutants Effects of PM 2,5 Effects of PM10 Ozone Sulfur Dioxide Nitric Oxide Carbon monoxide Air pollution map ZPG and Bejing Mexico City Chicago-temp inversion Los Angeles Why we have air pollution Solutions

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CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION Burning fossil fuels Agriculture Exhaust from factories and industry Mining operations Indoor air pollution-AAEM (American Academy of Environmental Medicine deals with these issues)

EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION Respiratory and heart problems Acid rain Depletion of ozone layer Global warming-sea level rise, melting icebergs Eutrophication Effect on wildlife

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Air Quality Index Levels of Health Concern Numerical Value Meaning Good0 to 50 Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk Moderate51 to 100 Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants there may be a moderate health concern for a very small number of people who are unusually sensitive to air pollution. Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups101 to 150 Members of sensitive groups may experience health effects. The general public is not likely to be affected. Unhealthy151 to 200 Everyone may begin to experience health effects; members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects. Very Unhealthy201 to 300 Health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire population is more likely to be affected. Hazardous301 to 500 Health alert: everyone may experience more serious health effects

MICROMETERS THERE ARE 1,000,000 MICROMETERS (μm)IN A METER

What is Particulate Matter? Particulate matter (PM) is an air pollution term for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. The pollutant comes in a variety of sizes and can be composed of many types of materials and chemicals. Particles that are small enough to be inhaled have the potential to cause health effects. Of particular concern is a class of particles known as fine particulate matter or PM2.5 that gets deep into the lung. There are many sources of PM. The air pollutant can originate from natural processes, like forest fires and wind erosion, and from human activities, like agricultural practices, smokestacks, car emissions, and construction. Examples include dust, dirt, soot, soil, and smoke.

CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS PARTICULATES LEAD NOXs -oxides of nitrogen N 2 O-nitrous oxide NO-nitric oxide NO 2 Nitrogen dioxide CO-carbon monoxide VOCS-volatile organic chemicals SO 2 Sulfur dioxide O 3 -Ozone 15

Figure

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY POLLUTION Primary pollution-comes directly out of smoke or other points Secondary pollution is a result of a reaction with primary pollutants such as SO 2 mixing with rain to form H 2 SO 4 (sulfuric acid)

HEALTH EFFECTS OF PM 2.5 DECREASING LUNG FUNCTION AGGRAVATION OF ASTHMA DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS ADVERSE EFFECTS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PREMATURE DEATH IN PEOPLE WITH HEART DISEASE CHILDREN AND ELDERLY

FINE PARTICLES PM 2.5 CAUSED BY COMBUSTION OF FOSSIL FUELS, POWER PLANTS AND VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES, COAL DUST,CRUSTAL DUST MARINE AEROSOLS.

DISEASES AND MORTALITY OF PM 2.5 3% OF MORTALITY FROM CARDIOPULMONARY DISEASE 5% FROM CANCER OF THE TRACHEA, BRONCHUS AND LUNG 1% FROM ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN UNDER 5 TRAFFIC EXHAUST CAUSES 7.4% OF ALL ATTACKS

Pm 2.5 MEP CHINA GUIDELINES AQI CATEGORIES24 HOUR (Цg/m 3 ) Excellent0-35 Good36-75 Lightly Polluted Moderately polluted Heavily polluted Severely polluted Beyond index>500 AQI Categories24 hour (µg/m 3 ) Good0-12 Moderate Unhealthy for Sensitive groups Unhealthy Very unhealthy Hazardous Beyond hazardous>500.4 US EPA PM 2.5 GUIDELINES

PM 10 THESE PARTICLES COME FROM NATURAL SOURCES SUCH AS VOLCANOS,DUST STORMS,FOREST AND GRASSLAND FIRES,LIVING VEGETATION AND SEA SPRAY. ALSO FROM ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES SUCH AS BURNING FOSSIL FUELS, POWER PLANTS AND INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES.

Health effects of PM10 ASTHMA LUNG CANCER CARDIOVASCULAR ISSUES RESPIRATORY DISEASES BIRTH DEFECTS PREMATURE DEATH

AQI Categories24-hour (μg/m3) Excellent0-50 Good Lightly polluted Moderately polluted Heavily polluted Severely polluted Beyond index>600 CHINA MEP PM10 GUIDELINES AQI CATEGORIES24-HOUR (µg/m 3 ) Good0-54 Moderate Unhealthy for sensitive groups Unhealthy Very Unhealthy Hazardous Beyond index>604 US EPA GUIDELINES FOR PM10

GROUND LEVEL OZONE (O 3 ) Triggers breathing problems Reduces lung function Causes lung diseases One of the biggest concerns in Europe Occurs during periods of sunny weather European studies showed that for every increase of 10μ/m 3 daily mortality rises by 0.03% and heart disease by 4%

AQI Categories1-hour (μg/m 3 ) Excellent0-160 Good Lightly polluted Moderately polluted Heavily polluted Severely polluted >800 CHINA MEP OZONE GUIDELINES AQI categories1-hour (ppm) PARTS PER BILLION Good Moderate Unhealthy for sensitive groups Unhealthy Very Unhealthy Hazardous>0.404 US EPA OZONE GUIDELINES

Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) Burning fossil fuels for heating and power generation

Health effects of SO 2 Respiratory system Affects lung function Eye irritation Inflammation of the respiratory tract which causes coughing, mucus secretion, aggravation of asthma and chronic bronchitis Hospital admissions increase for cardiac problems, and mortality increases on days with high levels of SO 2

AQI CATEGORIES1-hour (μg/m3) Excellent0-150 Good Lightly polluted Moderately polluted Heavily polluted Severely polluted>1600 CHINA MEP SO 2 GUIDELINES AQI categories8-hour (ppm)- parts per million Good0-4.4 Moderate Unhealthy for sensitive groups Unhealthy Very Unhealthy Hazardous>30.4 US EPA SO2 GUIDELINES

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) Heating and power generation in vehicles and ships

Health Effects of NO 2 Symptoms of Bronchitis in asthmatic children Reduced lung function Inflammation of the airways when concentrations exceed 200μg/m3 NO2 is the main source of nitrate aerosols in presence of UV light and ground level ozone

AQI Category1-hour (μg/m 3 ) Excellent0-100 Good Lightly polluted Moderately polluted Heavily polluted Severely polluted>2340 CHINA MEP NO 2 GUIDELINES AQI Categories1 hour (PPB) parts per billion Good0-53 Moderate Unhealthy for sensitive groups Unhealthy Very Unhealthy Hazardous>1250 US EPA NO 2 GUIDELINES

Produced from partial oxidation of carbon containing compounds It forms from not having enough oxygen to produce CO2. Natural sources include volcanoes and forest fires. Carbon monoxide (CO)

Worldwide the largest source of CO is due to photochemical reactions in the troposphere-5x10 12 kg per year were generated

Health effects of CO CO is a colorless gas, odorless and tasteless but highly toxic. It combines with hemoglobin to produce carboxyhemoglobin which usurps the space in hemoglobin that carries oxygen. Concentrations as low as 667ppm may cause up to 50% of the body’s hemoglobin to convert to carboxyhemoglobin. It may lead to seizures, coma and death.

Symptoms Poisoning resemble other types of poisoning and infections. Symptoms: headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness,fatigue, and weakness. May cause heart damage and adverse effects on the fetus of pregnant women.

AQI Categories1-hour (μg/m 3 ) Excellent Good Lightly polluted Moderately polluted Heavily polluted Severely Polluted>90000 CHINA MEP CO GUIDELINE VALUES AQI Categories8-hour (PPM) parts per million Good0-4.4 Moderate Unhealthy to sensitive groups Unhealthy Very Unhealthy Hazardous>30.4 US EPA CO GUIDELINES

Map of the world

39 ZPG 1972 Beijing 2013

ZPG=zero population growth (1972) 5/fe24037b08d4e3fe4c35 pollution-levels-hit-20-times-safe-levels pollution-levels-hit-20-times-safe-levels

42 MEXICO CITY AIR THEY PLAN TO CHANGE THE NAME TO MAKE SICKO CITY

MEXICO CITY AIR Movie on Mexico city air Movie on solution building-eat-smog.cnnmoney/ building-eat-smog.cnnmoney/

CHICAGO

LOS ANGELES AIR POLLUTION story.html story.html

WHY DO WE HAVE AIR POLLUTION? 1.BECAUSE EVERYTHIJNG DEPENDS ON MONEY 2. POLITICIANS LIKE JOE BARTON WHO ARE BOUGHT BY INDUSTRY 3. DUMBING DOWN BY THE MEDIA

Joe Barton who loves oil

SOLUTIONS TO AIR POLLUTION GET RID OF OIL, COAL AND GAS AS AN ENERGY FUEL GO FULL THROTTLE IN GOING TOWARD SOLAR POWER TO POWER 100% OF THE WORLD’S ENERGY NEEDS ELECT POLITICIANS WHO REALLY CARE ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT

GO SOLAR BY USING PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

WEB PAGES 350.ORG Climate Hot Map ( Bear Springs Blossom davids-earth.org- my web page

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