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Chapter 13 Table of Contents Section 1 DNA Technology Gene Technology Chapter 13 Table of Contents Section 1 DNA Technology Section 2 The Human Genome Project Section 3 Genetic Engineering

Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Objectives Explain the significance of noncoding DNA to DNA identification. Describe four major steps commonly used in DNA identification. Explain the use of restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, and probes in making recombinant DNA. Summarize several applications of DNA identification.

Chapter 13 DNA Identification Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 DNA Identification The repeating sequences in noncoding DNA vary between individuals and thus can be used to identify an individual.

Steps in DNA Identification Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Steps in DNA Identification Copying DNA: Polymerase Chain Reaction To identify a DNA sample, scientists isolate the DNA and copy it using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Polymerase Chain Reaction Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Polymerase Chain Reaction

Polymerase Chain Reaction Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Polymerase Chain Reaction

Steps in DNA Identification, continued Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Steps in DNA Identification, continued Cutting DNA: Restriction Enzyme The DNA is then cut into fragments using restriction enzymes. Restriction enzymes recognize and cut specific nucleotide sequences.

Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA

Action of Restriction Enzymes Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Action of Restriction Enzymes

Steps in DNA Identification, continued Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Steps in DNA Identification, continued Sorting DNA by Size: Gel Electrophoresis The fragments are separated by size using gel electrophoresis. The resulting pattern of bands is called a DNA fingerprint.

Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Gel Electrophoresis

Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 DNA Fingerprint

Chapter 13 Recombinant DNA Cloning Vectors Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Recombinant DNA Cloning Vectors Researchers use restriction enzymes to insert DNA fragments into vectors. The resulting DNA from two different organisms is called recombinant DNA.

Cloning Vectors and Plasmids Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Cloning Vectors and Plasmids

Applications For DNA Technology Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Applications For DNA Technology DNA technology provides the tools to manipulate DNA molecules for practical purposes, such as forensic investigation to determine the identity of a criminal.

Chapter 13 Objectives Section 2 The Human Genome Project Discuss two major goals of the Human Genome Project. Summarize important insights gained from the Human Genome Project. Explain why animal model species are useful to study genes. State how information from the Human Genome Project will be applied to future projects. Relate bioinformatics, proteomics, and microarrays to the Human Genome Project.

Mapping The Human Genome Section 2 The Human Genome Project Chapter 13 Mapping The Human Genome The goals of the Human Genome Project were to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome and map the location of every gene on each chromosome. This information will advance the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of human genetic disorders.

Mapping The Human Genome, continued Section 2 The Human Genome Project Chapter 13 Mapping The Human Genome, continued Important Insights The Human Genome Project yielded important information about human genes and proteins. For example, there are far fewer protein-encoding human genes than once believed but far more proteins because of the complex way they are encoded.

Mapping The Human Genome, continued Section 2 The Human Genome Project Chapter 13 Mapping The Human Genome, continued Model Species The Human Genome Project included sequencing the genes of many model species to provide insights into gene function.

Mapping The Human Genome, continued Section 2 The Human Genome Project Chapter 13 Mapping The Human Genome, continued Applications Information from the Human Genome Project has been applied to medical, commercial, and scientific purposes.

Chapter 13 The Future of Genomics Bioinformatics Section 2 The Human Genome Project Chapter 13 The Future of Genomics Bioinformatics Bioinformatics uses computers to catalog and analyze genomes.

The Future of Genomics, continued Section 2 The Human Genome Project Chapter 13 The Future of Genomics, continued Proteomics Proteomics studies the identities, structures, interactions, and abundances of an organism’s proteins.

The Future of Genomics, continued Section 2 The Human Genome Project Chapter 13 The Future of Genomics, continued Microarrays DNA microarrays, two-dimensional arrangements of cloned genes, allow researchers to compare specific genes such as those that cause cancer.

Chapter 13 Objectives Section 3 Genetic Engineering Discuss the uses of genetic engineering in medicine. Summarize how gene therapy is being used to try to cure genetic disorders. Discuss cloning and its technology. Describe two ways genetic engineering has been used to improve crop plants. Discuss environmental and ethical issues associated with genetic engineering.

Chapter 13 Medical Applications Section 3 Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 Medical Applications Genetic engineering is being used to provide therapies for certain genetic diseases.

Medical Applications, continued Section 3 Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 Medical Applications, continued Gene Therapy Gene therapy refers to treating genetic disorders by correcting a defect in a gene or by providing a normal form of a gene. Researchers hope that gene therapy can be used to cure genetic disorders in the future.

Medical Applications, continued Section 3 Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 Medical Applications, continued Cloning In cloning by nuclear transfer, a nucleus from a body cell of one individual is introduced into an egg cell (without its nucleus) from another individual. An organism identical to the nucleus donor results.

Section 3 Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 Cloning

Genetically Engineered Vaccines Section 3 Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 Genetically Engineered Vaccines

Agricultural Applications Section 3 Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 Agricultural Applications Genetic engineering is used to produce disease-resistant, pest-resistant, and herbicide-resistant crops in an effort to improve the yields and nutrition of the human food supply.

Genetic Engineering and Cotton Plants Section 3 Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering and Cotton Plants

Chapter 13 Ethical Issues Section 3 Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 Ethical Issues Some people fear that the release of genetically modified organisms would pose an environmental risk. Many safety, environmental, and ethical issues involved in genetic engineering have not been resolved.

Chapter 13 Multiple Choice Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. Which is a molecule containing DNA from two different organisms? A. vector DNA B. a DNA clone C. plasmid DNA D. recombinant DNA

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 13 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. Which is a molecule containing DNA from two different organisms? A. vector DNA B. a DNA clone C. plasmid DNA D. recombinant DNA

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 13 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which of the following is used to cut DNA molecules in specific locations? F. cloning vectors G. cloning enzymes H. restriction enzymes J. polymerase chain reaction

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 13 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which of the following is used to cut DNA molecules in specific locations? F. cloning vectors G. cloning enzymes H. restriction enzymes J. polymerase chain reaction

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 13 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. What is the term used for inserting a healthy copy of a gene into a person who has a defective gene? A. cloning vector B. gene therapy C. recombinant DNA D. polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 13 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. What is the term used for inserting a healthy copy of a gene into a person who has a defective gene? A. cloning vector B. gene therapy C. recombinant DNA D. polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 13 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. Which is the process used in animal cloning? F. DNA cloning G. recombinant DNA H. polymerase chain reaction J. cloning by nuclear transfer

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 13 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. Which is the process used in animal cloning? F. DNA cloning G. recombinant DNA H. polymerase chain reaction J. cloning by nuclear transfer

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 13 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The graphic below shows a bacterial cell. Use the graphic to answer the questions that follow. 5. Which best describes molecule A? A. It is an insulin gene. B. It is recombinant DNA. C. It is a bacterial plasmid. D. It is a disease-causing virus.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 13 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The graphic below shows a bacterial cell. Use the graphic to answer the questions that follow. 5. Which best describes molecule A? A. It is an insulin gene. B. It is recombinant DNA. C. It is a bacterial plasmid. D. It is a disease-causing virus.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 13 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The graphic below shows a bacterial cell. Use the graphic to answer the questions that follow. 6. How is a bacterial plasmid described after donor DNA is inserted into the bacterium’s DNA? F. vector DNA G. cloned DNA H. plasmid DNA J. recombinant DNA

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 13 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The graphic below shows a bacterial cell. Use the graphic to answer the questions that follow. 6. How is a bacterial plasmid described after donor DNA is inserted into the bacterium’s DNA? F. vector DNA G. cloned DNA H. plasmid DNA J. recombinant DNA

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 13 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 7. Proteomics : proteins :: genomics : A. lipids B. genes C. proteins D. carbohydrates

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 13 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 7. Proteomics : proteins :: genomics : A. lipids B. genes C. proteins D. carbohydrates

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 13 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The diagram below is of two pieces of DNA that were cut with the same restriction enzyme. Use the diagram to answer the question that follows. 8. Which nucleotide sequence must the sticky end labeled 2 have if it is to bond with the sticky end labeled 1? F. UGGCCU G. TCCGGA H. ACCGGT J. CTTAAG

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 13 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The diagram below is of two pieces of DNA that were cut with the same restriction enzyme. Use the diagram to answer the question that follows. 8. Which nucleotide sequence must the sticky end labeled 2 have if it is to bond with the sticky end labeled 1? F. UGGCCU G. TCCGGA H. ACCGGT J. CTTAAG

Chapter 13 Short Response Standardized Test Prep Short Response A probe is a strand of RNA or single-stranded DNA that is labeled with a radioactive element or fluorescent dye. How do biologists use a probe to find cloned DNA?

Short Response, continued Chapter 13 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued A probe is a strand of RNA or single-stranded DNA that is labeled with a radioactive element or fluorescent dye. How do biologists use a probe to find cloned DNA? Answer: A radioactive probe can bind to a donor gene in recombinant DNA. The clone of cells bearing the donor DNA and its attached probe emits a radioactive signal that can be detected.

Chapter 13 Extended Response Standardized Test Prep Extended Response One concern about genetic engineering involves confidentiality and insurance. Part A How could the human genome be misused, relative to confidentiality issues? Part B What might people’s concern be about health insurance, and why?

Extended Response, continued Chapter 13 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued Answer: Part A Information about a person’s genome could lead to discrimination. For example, if a 35-year-old is known by his employers to have the genetic defect for Huntington’s disease, which has an onset often in the 40s, they might presume that he would be impermanent and might fail to give him deserved promotions. Part B If a genetic condition is known about an employee, insurance might be denied, or that specific condition might be excepted from normal coverage. Another person about whom nothing is known genetically might be allowed coverage for that condition.