4A10 Construction Research & Innovation BioGeoChemistry Professor Mark Dyer TrinityHaus

What’s Different and Innovative (Markets, Skills, Technology) Traditional Geotechnical Engineering …….. Geo-Environmental Engineering (BioGeoChemistry) ……..

What’s Different and Innovative (Markets, Skills, Technology) Traditional Geotechnical Engineering Foundations Embankmnets Retaining Walls Geo-Environmental Engineering (BioGeoChemistry) Brownfield Sites Reclamation Landfills

What’s Different and Innovative (Markets, Skills, Technology) Traditional Geotechnical Engineering Soil Mechanics Shear Strength Compressibility Plasticity Geo-Environmental Engineering (BioGeoChemistry) Chemistry Soil Science Mineralogy Groundwater Chemistry Microbiology

Traditional Geotechnical Eng. Soil is ……………………………. Sterile Intert Dust Eg Critical State Soil Mechanics Eg Mohr Coulomb Theory

What new skills or expertise do you need? ……… ……..

What new skills or expertise do you need? Recognised simple organic chemicals Know the difference between organic and inorganic chemicals Know the differences between aerobic and anaerobic microbiology Be able to test key parameters to determine groundwater chemsitry ……..

Pollution: Trichloroethylene DRY SOIL

Pollution: Trichloroethylene WET SOIL DRY SOIL

Dense Non-aqueous Phase Liquids Pollution: Trichloroethylene

Indigenous Bacteria in Soil 5  m Yet we know less than say 2% of bacteria in soil

So What ………………………? Brownfield Sites Remediation depends on Type of pollution, Remediation Technology (Aerobic or anaerobic biodegradation) Granular Deposits (Tokyo Bay) Lithification of sand into sandstone

Ex-situ Aerobic Bioremediation : Windrows Adding:- o Nutrients (nitrogen & phosphates) o Oxygen

Ex-situ Aerobic Biotechnologies – Earthworks Treatment Beds Windrows Biopiles

Aerobic Bioremediation Bioremediation exploits bacteria and fungi to degrade hazardous contaminants to less harmful materials such as carbon dioxide, water, methane and biomass. For example, aerobic biodegradation of benzene Toluene + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water However not all chemicals can be treated in this way and some can be biotransformed into less harmful materials (eg vinyl chloride).

Types of Pollutants Suitable for Bioremediation DegradabilityContaminants Group 1 Not degraded Bitumen; asphalt; metals; inorganic acids; asbestos? Complex cyanides? Group 2 Evidence of biodegradability Higher PAHs; PCBs; tars Group 3 Demonstrated but not regularly achieved Explosives; PCP; higher PAHs; branching aliphatics e.g. hopane; some surfactants; some pesticides; MTBE; complex cyanides? Group 4 Regularly treated aerobically Diesel; jet fuel; BTEX; paraffin; ammonia; crude oil; lube oil; petrol; phenol; chlorophenols; organic acids; creosote; alcohols; aldehydes; ketones; some surfactants; some pesticides; lower ring / MW PAHs Group 5 Regularly treated anaerobically Chlorinated solvents (after CIRIA Report C575)

Hydrocarbon Chemistry and Typical Pollutants Alkanes C-C Alkenes Alkynes Methane CH 4, Ethane C 2 H 6, Propane C 3 H 8, Butane C 4 H 1 Ethene C 2 H 4, Propene C 3 H 6 ……… Prop-1-yne C 3 H 4 CAH’s Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 1,2 Dichloroethane Cl 2 C 2 H 4 Trichloroethene Cl 3 C 2 H Cis-dichlorothene Cl 2 C 2 H 2 Trans-dichlorothene Cl 2 C 2 H 2 Vinyl Chloride Cl C 2 H 3 Aromatics BTEX Benzene C6H6 Toluene C6H5CH3 Ethyl Benzene C6H5C2H5 Xylenes (o.m.p) C6H5CH3CH3

Hydrocarbon Chemistry and Typical Pollutants Alkanes C-C Alkenes Alkynes Methane CH 4, Ethane C 2 H 6, Propane C 3 H 8, Butane C 4 H 1 Ethene C 2 H 4, Propene C 3 H 6 ……… Prop-1-yne C 3 H 4 CAH’s Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 1,2 Dichloroethane Cl 2 C 2 H 4 Trichloroethene Cl 3 C 2 H Cis-dichlorothene Cl 2 C 2 H 2 Trans-dichlorothene Cl 2 C 2 H 2 Vinyl Chloride Cl C 2 H 3 Aromatics BTEX Benzene C6H6 Toluene C6H5CH3 Ethyl Benzene C6H5C2H5 Xylenes (o.m.p) C6H5CH3CH3 Construct The Molecular Structures Using Orbital Building Kits

Orbital Building Kit 2Carbon (4)Black 6Carbon (3)Black 8HydrogenWhite 3ChlorineGreen 2OxygenRed 6Double BondsTransparent Plus 9 No of green connecting tubes

Hydrocarbon Chemistry and Typical Pollutants Alkanes C-C Alkenes Alkynes Methane CH 4, Ethane C 2 H 6, Propane C 3 H 8, Butane C 4 H 1 Ethene C 2 H 4, Propene C 3 H 6 ……… Prop-1-yne C 3 H 4 CAH’s Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 1,2 Dichloroethane Cl 2 C 2 H 4 Trichloroethene Cl 3 C 2 H Cis-dichlorothene Cl 2 C 2 H 2 Trans-dichlorothene Cl 2 C 2 H 2 Vinyl Chloride Cl C 2 H 3 Aromatics BTEX Benzene C6H6 Toluene C6H5CH3 Ethyl Benzene C6H5C2H5 Xylenes (o.m.p) C6H5CH3CH3 Construct The Molecular Structures Using Orbital Building Kits

Land Remediation Technologies ??

Land Remediation Technologies after CIRIA Report C575 Remediation Technologies Biological Ex-situ In-situ

In-situ Biological Treatment Technologies

In-situ Aerobic Biotechnologies Bioventing Biosparging Injection of oxygen/air Bioscreen Petrol Station

Biosparging NL 2006

Aerobic Bioremediation Bioremediation exploits bacteria and fungi to degrade hazardous contaminants to less harmful materials such as carbon dioxide, water, methane and biomass. For example, aerobic biodegradation of benzene Toluene + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water However not all chemicals can be treated in this way and some can be biotransformed into less harmful materials (eg vinyl chloride).

In-situ Anaerobic Biotechnologies Nutrients & Carbon Substrates Bioactive Zone : Groundwater Recirculation Passive Reactive Barriers DNAPLs Dry Cleaners

Rotterdam, NL. 1999

Anaerobic Soil Column Tests Anaerobic soil column tests for selection of substrates (molasses, methanol and compost percolate)

Anaerobic soil column tests for treatment of 1,2 Dichloroethane in Rotterdam Harbour 1,2-DCA  Ethene Solution: Delivery of Methanol (Electrons)

Indigenous Bacteria in Soil 5  m Yet we know less than say 2% of bacteria in soil

Schedule Content Lecture 1Overview of biogeochemistry Concepts and Basic Science Case study and environmental chemistry Lecture 2Aerobic bioremediation technologies Lecture 3Site investigation and characterisation Monitored Natural Attenuation CourseworkSAQ’s Case Study Assessment

Key References oWiedemeier et al Natural attenuation of fuels and chlorinated solvents in the subsurface. John Wiley and Sons ISBN oSingleton Bacteria in biology, biotechnology and medicine. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN oCIRIA Biological methods for assessment and remediation of contaminated land. Report C575. oDyer MR, Van Heiningen E and Gerritse J In-situ bioremediation of 1,2-dichloroethane under anaerobic conditions. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering Vol 18(4) pp oDyer MR, and van Heiningen E A field trial for in-situ bioremediation of 1,2-DCA. Engineering Geology