Revision sheets C1

2.Quicklime + water slaked lime Calcium oxide + water calcium hydroxide CaO + H 2 O Ca(OH) 2 5.Cement= limestone + clay + heat 6. concrete= cement+ gravel+sand+water 7. glass= limestone+sand+ sodium carbonate+heat 3. Test for CO 2 Calcium hydroxide reacts with CO 2 To make calcium carbonate which Makes limewater go cloudy Limestone found At quarries-explosives used Causes-noise/air pollution Scars landscape Quarrying good for Local economy/jobs tourism 1 element compound Mixture= 2 or more different atoms not bonded Period 1 Period Periodic table

An alloy is a mixture of metal and other elements Properties that can change- Strength, appearance, hardness, Resistance to corrosion Properties.. Good conductors of heat/electricity Strong/hard Dense/heavy Malleable(bent into shape) High melting points Blast furnace Extraction of iron Copper Used in water pipes As doesn’t corrode Used as electrical wires As good conductor Titanium/aluminium Very useful because Strong but lightweight Resist corrosion Carbon reduces iron Oxide to iron Iron ore= haematite When heated Extraction methods Usually recycle aluminium to save money

Alkane names=methane, ethane, propane, butane Pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane Formula= C n H 2n +2 This works because, each fraction has a different Boiling point Clear colour Dark colour Low volatility High volatility Some fractions take a long time to cool, so rise to top Crude oil Ease at which It turns into gas (Viscous – gooey, sticky (syrup is viscous)) New fuels- ethanol-Made from plants-renewable-Carbon neutral-as takes-in as much CO2 in-photosynthesis As it gives-out-when burnt 1 = complete combustion 2 = incomplete combustion

Large alkanes are not very useful to use, so they are broken down into smaller ones, like petrol, using a process called cracking. Cracking requires a catalyst so the process is called catalytic cracking. C 10 H 22  C 2 H 4 + C 3 H 8 + C 5 H 10 e.g of cracking reaction The products must either be alkanes (have a formula of C n H 2n+2 or alkenes C n H 2n ) Alkanes are saturated they have no carbon to carbon double bonds. Alkenes are unsaturated. They have carbon to carbon double bonds. Test for unsaturated alkenes. Add bromine water. it will change From yellow/orange to colourless We can make polymers using alkenes. The alkene molecule (for example ethane) is called a monomer (mono means 1, mer means part). It makes up 1 part of the plastic When these monomers are bonded together in a huge chain, they are called polymers (poly means many, mer means part.) When alkenes are turned into polymers, their carbon to carbon double bond breaks There are weak intermolecular forces between the chains. These plastics are soft and melt when heated. An example is low density polythene (LDPE). They are used to make plastic bags. Thermosoftening plastics There are crosslinks between the chains. This means that the intermolecular forces are strong. Thermosetting plastics are hard and do not melt. An example of a thermosetting plastic is high density polythene (HDPE). Use= buckets Thermosetting plastics polymerisation Disposal of polymers 1 landfill sites- fill up as plastics usually not biodegradable 2. burning- releases CO 2 - leads to global warming 3. recycling- best option as saves money, energy plastics cracking

Plants produce glucose using photosynthesis…..some glucose changed to oils 6CO 2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H 2 O (water)  C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) + 6O 2 (oxygen) We can saturate vegetable oils using a process called hydrogenation. Unsaturated oils are passed over a nickel catalyst with hydrogen at 60 o C. This process is used to make margarine. We can also said that the oils have been hardened. It is an addition reaction Oil and water don’t mix. They are immiscible. Substances that do mix are miscible. We have an emulsion when we have small droplets of oil mixed in with water. However, since oil and water don’t mix, eventually, this emulsion separates again. E.g include ice-cream, milk, mayo, sauces We keep oil and water mixed by adding an emulsifier. Emulsifiers have a part that mixes with water and a part that mixes with oil. Egg yolk is an emulsifier Chromatography( use to separate colours) Chromatography is used to separate substances. It works because different substances dissolve better in water than others. The more soluble they are in the solvent, the further they travel up the paper Vegetable oils Full of energy Extracted by crushing, pressing Or distillation E100s range – colours E200s range – preservatives. Keeps food longer E300s range – Antioxidants. Stops food reacting with oxygen E400s range – Emulsifiers, stabiliers and thickeners E500s range – Acidity regulators E600s range - Flavourings additives A and C contain the same 2 dyes B contains 3 dyes D contains at least 1 insoluble dye Biofuels Renewable- can be replaced /regrown Do not add any more CO 2 to atmosphere Carbon neutral No sulphur dioxide produced More biodegradable than diesel Oil droplets remain separate

Almost solid, but flows slowly liquid solid Dense Iron and nickel Lithosphere Pangea 1 massive continent Evidence of continental drift Continents fit together Same fossils found on each continent Plate tectonics This is because the Earth’s crust and upper mantle are split into tectonic plates. These plates travel along convection currents caused by heating from radioactive materials. This caused continental drift. mountain Earthquake ( occur randomly on fault lines) volcano If earthquakes form under the ocean, then it will form a tidal wave called a tsunami. All noble gases: Are gases at room temperature Exist as single atoms (monatomic) Do not react with anything Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton Xenon, Radon Group 8/0 of periodic table Atmosphere before Atmosphere now Initially thought They where formed By the shrinking of The earth’s crust atmosphere 78/80% 18/20% Fault lines Neon – Used in lighting, glows with high voltage Used in light bulbs