Mainstreaming social inclusion seminar - 26 April 2004 Developing measures of spatial deprivation in Northern Ireland Robert Beatty

Targeting need “New Targeting Social Need is about identifying people and areas in greatest need in our society and trying to ensure that government programmes are more effective in helping them.” Subject - developing measures to inform spatial targeting.

Outline of talk Part 1 – Description of the spatial measures of deprivation currently used in Northern Ireland Part 2 – Dissemination of the information and examples of application of the measures

What is required? Robust statistical indicators Relevant to ‘deprivation’ or ‘disadvantage’ Available for all geographic areas

A little history 1970s – Areas of special social need 1980s – Areas of relative social need 1990s – Relative deprivation in Northern Ireland (Robson)

Census of Population  1971  1981  1991  Ten-year cycle  Can be using 12 year-old data

Using administrative data Attraction in using administrative data Low-cost, up-to-date, full coverage Historical access problems (IT) Also allocating cases to geographic units

(Old) Administrative geography Electoral Wards (566) Av. population 3,000 Assembly Areas (Parliamentary Constituencies) (18) Local Government Districts (26)

Size of target areas Depends on the nature of policy intervention Major industrial initiative – Local Authority level (Local Area Unit 1 [LAU 1]) Community based – Ward level (Local Area Unit 2 [LAU 2]) Most user interest at Ward level

Deprivation indicators As direct as possible a measure of the domain deprivation Major feature of the deprivation (not experienced by just a few people) Up-to-date and updateable Statistically robust Available and applicable throughout Northern Ireland

Using administrative data Requirement to link administrative data sets to geographic areas UK system ‘postcodes’ Operated by Post Office Every address has a postcode Postcode covers, on average, 15 households

(Old) Geography Electoral Wards (566) Assembly Areas (Parliamentary Constituencies) (18) Local Government Districts (26) Unit Postcodes ( about 40,000)

Research project Team from University of Oxford (Mike Noble) Identify set of indicators Combine into measures of deprivation Published summer 2001

Domains of deprivation IncomeGeographical Access EmploymentSocial Environment HealthHousing Education Brought together in measure of multiple deprivation

Income Deprivation: Indicators  People in households receiving –  Income Support  Income Based Job Seekers Allowance  Family Credit  Disability Working Allowance  (All from DSD, August 1999)

Income Deprivation: Measure  Four benefits non-overlapping  System identifies number of people in household of recipient  Simple addition of people in such households  Expressed as percentage of area’s population  Measure is a percentage

Education Deprivation: Indicators  GSCE point score  School-leavers not staying-on  year-olds not applying to HE  Year 11 & 12 not in grammar school  Absenteeism at secondary level  School-leavers with no qualifications  Adults with no qualifications

Education Deprivation: Measure  Person or household can experience more than one indicator  Measure created by combining indicators using factor analysis approach  Data reduction method  “Weighted average approach”

Measure of multiple deprivation  Measures on 7 domains  Desire to have a measure of overall, or multiple, deprivation  Common problem – how to give relative importance to domains  Weights subject to agreement

Weighting Income Deprivation25% Employment Deprivation25% Health & Disability Deprivation15% Education, Skills & Training15% Geographical Access10% Housing Deprivation 5% Social Environment 5% Criteria-Priority Order -Robustness

Interpreting multiple deprivation rankings DomainLadybrookBrookeborough Multiple Income Employment Health Education Access51627 Housing42446 Social Environ.63478

Pockets of Deprivation Used the geography of the 1991 Census Census Enumeration Districts Typical population about 450 people Identify pockets of deprivation Income domain and Employment domain

(Old) Geography Electoral Wards (566) Census EDs (3729) Assembly Areas (Parliamentary Constituencies) (18) Local Government Districts (26) Unit Postcodes (c40,000) – search only

What information is available? Each ward scored and ranked on 7 domains of deprivation, plus a multiple measure Enumeration District scores on the two most important, and robust, domains (pockets of deprivation) A number of summary statistics at LGD level

Use of the measures Commended for use by all departments for spatial targeting NISRA recommendation is to use the targeting tool most appropriate for the programme – need not be Noble Spatial only one aspect of targeting

Targeting and monitoring Noble measures are the preferred tools for targeting Composite measures not well-suited to monitoring change For monitoring, use individual indicators Neighbourhood Statistics system (later)

Updating the measures Published in 2001 Data refer to mid 1999 More up-to-date data available now 2001 Census New research underway Publication early 2005

In part two …. Applying the measures Disseminating the information Linkages to other statistics Examples of applications

Spatial measures of deprivation Part 2 – Dissemination and application Robert Beatty

Information about deprivation Internet main dissemination tool Hard copy report Hard copy User guide Series of presentations and seminars

Neighbourhood Information System (NINIS) NISRA’s online Geographical Information System Ward-level statistical information Includes deprivation outputs Interactive mapping facility

Neighbourhood Information System (NINIS) Demonstration

Application of the measures - comments No ‘master list’ of deprived wards Application appropriate to the policy Promoting the use of the domains

Applications of the measures - examples International Fund for Ireland Stamp Duty Relief PEACE II allocations to LSPs

International Fund for Ireland Non-government body that targets deprivation with an emphasis on labour market Used multiple deprivation measure and employment deprivation Historically targeted about one-third of Northern Ireland, using wards

International Fund for Ireland Identified 175 most deprived wards on multiple deprivation measure and similarly on employment deprivation Wards qualified on either / or basis Target list of 197 wards Augmented by small number of deprived EDs in 34 non-designated wards

Stamp duty relief Stamp duty charged on house purchases over £60,000 in UK UK initiative to encourage deprived areas – no stamp duty up to £150,000 Applies to 10% worst wards throughout UK NI wards defined by the measure of multiple deprivation

PEACE II allocations Resources from Priority 3 of the PEACE II Operational Programme Requirement to allocate resources to 26 Local Strategy Partnerships (LSPs) Guidelines state that resources should be allocated on the basis of a formula based on “population weighted by deprivation”

PEACE II allocations Allocations to LSPs based on: - 1/3 - ‘most deprived areas’ 1/3 - ‘number of deprived people’ 1/3 - population

Most deprived areas The most deprived 10% of EDs across Northern Ireland used for allocation. Strabane has 16 EDs among the 10% most deprived, with 3.7% of the population Use of EDs allows pockets of deprivation to contribute Measured using a combination of Income and Employment domains

Most deprived areas LGDDeprived EDs PopulationPopulation share (%) Cookstown62, Dungannon41, Fermanagh Limavady31, Magherafelt--- Strabane N Ireland373185,700100

Defining deprived areas Percentage of EDs defined as deprived Fermanagh’s share of population Derry’s share of population

Scale of deprivation ‘Most deprived areas’ approach can be criticised as excluding deprived people outside deprived areas Scale of deprivation counts all ‘deprived’ people within an LGD - need count data to use this method Can use income and employment domains Dungannon has 3.45% of income deprived people in Northern Ireland Similar exercise for employment deprivation

Scale of deprivation - income LGDNumber of income deprived Share of income deprived (%) Cookstown10, Dungannon16, Fermanagh17, Limavady9, Magherafelt11, Strabane15, N Ireland466,500100

Population share Relatively straightforward Fermanagh has 3.39% of the Northern Ireland population so gets 3.39% of the resources

Population shares LGDPopulation share (%) Cookstown31, Dungannon48, Fermanagh57, Limavady31, Magherafelt39, Strabane37, N Ireland1,697,800100

Example - Lisburn PEACE II had £74m to distribute £24.7 m on each of three bases Deprived areas Deprived people (Half using income deprived, half using income deprived) Population

Example - Lisburn Deprived areas – Lisburn has 5.6 % of population living in the worst EDs in Northern Ireland, so receives £1.38m (5.6% of £24.7m) Deprived people – Lisburn has 5.4% of income deprived persons, so receives £0.67m (5.4% of £12.35m) Deprived people – Lisburn has 5.0% of employment deprived persons, so receives £0.62m (5.0% of £12.35m) Population – Lisburn has 6.58% of NI population, so receives £1.62m (6.58% of £24.7m) So Lisburn receives £4.3m in total

Conclusion Widespread dissemination of the research Use of the internet as the main tool Proactive organisation of seminars Publication of guidance Widely used by government and beyond

The End