1 This file reviews materials in Exercises & prepares you for the lab practical#4. by Dr. Shaw, Zoology 251 Lab Coordinator, x7176; In this file, required structures are highlighted, checked, or specified, sometimes in different colors.

Ex. 17 Spinal cord 2

Cauda equina (spinal nerves past conus medullaris) C1 C7 S5 Col L5 T12 Cervical enlargement Dural sheath See next slide (a brow- up image) Lumbar enlargement Conus medullaris (where the spinal cord ends) Filum terminale (pia mater that connects to the coccyx) Sacral spinal nerves (5) Lumbar spinal nerves (5) Thoracic spinal nerves (12) Cervical spinal nerves (8) 3 The spinal cord, posterior aspect Coccygeal nerve (1)

C1 C7 S5 Col L5 T12 Cervical enlargement Dural sheath See next slide (a brow- up image) Lumbar enlargement Sacral spinal nerves (5) Lumbar spinal nerves (5) Thoracic spinal nerves (12) Cervical spinal nerves (8) 4 The spinal cord, posterior aspect Coccygeal nerve (1) Practice

Gray matter: White matter: Anterior median fissure Dorsal horn (containing interneurons) Lateral column/funiculus Gray commissure Ventral column/funiculus Central canal Dorsal column/funiculus Dorsal root ganglion Spinal nerve Lateral horn Ventral horn Pia mater Arachnoid mater Dura mater Dorsal root of spinal nerve Posterior median sulcus Ventral root of spinal nerve 5 The spinal cord and meninges

White matter: Lateral column/funiculus Ventral column/funiculus Dorsal column/funiculus Spinal nerve Dorsal root of spinal nerve Ventral root of spinal nerve 6 The spinal cord; ID the indicated structures Practice

Fat in epidural space Spinous process of vertebra Spinal nerve Dorsal root ganglion Spinal cord Denticulate ligament Subarachnoid space Posterior Anterior Meninges: Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Vertebral body The spinal cord and vertebra (cervical) 7

Fat in epidural space Spinous process of vertebra Spinal nerve Spinal cord Subarachnoid space Posterior Anterior Vertebral body The spinal cord and vertebra; ID the indicated structures 8 Practice

Ex. 18 The eye 9

Ducts Nostril Lacrimal punctum Lacrimal canaliculi Nasolacrimal duct Lacrimal gland Lacrimal sac Inferior meatus of nasal cavity The lacrimal apparatus ; the arrows indicate the flow of tears (containing lysozyme ) 10

Ducts Nostril Inferior meatus of nasal cavity The lacrimal apparatus ; the arrows indicate the flow of tears (containing lysozyme ) 11 Practice

Eyebrow Eyelashes Pupil Iris Sclera Tarsal plate Superciliary ridge Palpebral fissure Lateral commissure Superior palpebral sulcus Upper eyelid Medial commissure Lower eyelid (Palpebrae) Inferior palpebral sulcus 12

Eyebrow Eyelashes Tarsal plate Superciliary ridge Palpebral fissure Lateral commissure Superior palpebral sulcus Upper eyelid Medial commissure Inferior palpebral sulcus 13 Practice

Superior oblique Superior rectus Lateral rectus Medial rectus Inferior oblique Inferior rectus Trochlea Optic nerve Extrinsic muscles of the eye, lateral view, and their controlling cranial nerves Controlling cranial nerves: VI, abducens III, oculomotor IV, trochlear 14

Trochlea Optic nerve ID extrinsic muscles of the eye and their respective controlling cranial nerves Controlling cranial nerves: 15 Practice

Oculomotor nerve (III) Trochlear nerve (IV) Abducens nerve (VI) Superior oblique Lateral rectus Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Superior rectus Medial rectus Inferior rectus Inferior oblique Extrinsic muscles of the eye, frontal view, and their controlling cranial nerves 16

Oculomotor nerve (III) Trochlear nerve (IV) Abducens nerve (VI) Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Extrinsic muscles of the eye, frontal view, and their controlling cranial nerves 17 Practice

Suspensory ligament Ciliary body Conjunctiva Iris Pupil Lens Cornea Aqueous humor Vitreous humor Blood vessels Optic disc (blind spot) Optic nerve Fovea centralis Sclera Retina Choroid Extrinsic eye muscle 18

Suspensory ligament Conjunctiva Pupil Lens Blood vessels Extrinsic eye muscle 19 Practice

Ciliary body: Suspensory ligament Posterior cavity containing vitreous humor Posterior chamber Anterior chamber Anterior cavity containing aqueous humor Iris Canal of Schlemm 20 Ciliary muscle Ciliary process Lens Production and reabsorption of aqueous humor

Ciliary body: Posterior chamber Anterior chamber Anterior cavity containing aqueous humor 21 Production and reabsorption of aqueous humor Practice

Fovea centralis Optic disc (blind spot; exit of optic nerve) Venule Arteriole Macula lutea Anatomical features of the rear of the eye 22

Venule Arteriole Anatomical features of the rear of the eye 23 Practice

Dissected sheep eye Required structures are in bold. 1—Cornea; 2– Sclera; 3– Optic nerve; 4– Iris; 5—Pupil; 6– Ora serrata; 7– Ciliary body; 8– Choroid; 9—Tapetum lucidum; 10—Retina; 11– Lens; 12—Vitreous humor 24

Dissected sheep eye Required structures are in bold. 1— ________ ; 2– _________; 3– __________; 4– ________; 5— _________; 6– Ora serrata; 7– ______________; 8– ___________; 9— _____________; 10—__________; 11– _________; 12—____________________ 25 Practice

Back of eye Front of eye Sclera Choroid Pigment epithelium Rods and cones (nuclei) Bipolar cells Ganglion cells 25 µm Rods and cones (outer segments) Nerve fibers to optic nerve Vitreous humor Histology of the retina 26

Back of eye Front of eye 25 µm Nerve fibers to optic nerve Histology of the retina 27 Practice

Rod Cone Photoreceptors: Horizontal cell Bipolar cell Amacrine cell Ganglion cell Nerve fibers (to optic nerve) Direction of light Back of eye Pigment epithelium Transmission of cone signals in red Transmission of rod signals in blue Schematic of the retina 28

Photoreceptors: Horizontal cell Amacrine cell Nerve fibers (to optic nerve) Direction of light Back of eye Transmission of cone signals in red Transmission of rod signals in blue Schematic of the retina 29 Practice

Ex. 19 The ear 30

Outer earMiddle earInner ear Helix Stapes Incus Malleus Ossicles: Auricle Lobule Semicircular ducts (canals) Cochlear nerve Cochlea Round window Auditory tube Oval window Vestibular nerve Vestibule Tympanic cavity Tensor tympani muscle Tympanic Membrane (ear drum) Ear Canal (external acoustic meatus) Internal anatomy of the ear 31

Outer earMiddle earInner ear Semicircular ducts (canals) The ear; ID the indicated structures 32 Practice

     Required structures are checked. 33

     Required structures are checked. 34 Practice

Required structures are checked.           of cochlear 35

of cochlear 36 Practice

37 Required structures are checked.           Bony & Membranous labyrinths

38 Required structures are checked.  Bony & Membranous labyrinths Practice

Scala vestibuli Scala tympani Scala media (Cochlear duct) Utricle Ampulla Posterior Anterior Semicircular ducts: Dura mater Saccule Lateral Endolymphatic sac Vestibule: Secondary tympanic membrane in round window Stapes in oval window Tympanic membrane Temporal bone Cochlea: 39 Bony & Membranous labyrinths— perilymph (green) & endolymph (blue)

Ampulla Posterior Anterior Semicircular ducts: Dura mater Lateral Endolymphatic sac Vestibule: Cochlea: 40 Bony & Membranous labyrinths— perilymph (green) & endolymph (blue) Practice

41 Required structures are checked.              How sound is transmitted-01

42 How sound is transmitted-01 Practice

43 All structures are required except one that is crossed out.  How sound is transmitted-02

44 All structures are required except one that is crossed out.  How sound is transmitted-02 Practice

Oval window Cochlear nerve Vestibular membrane Cochlear duct (Scala media) 45 Anatomy of the cochlear, vertical section Next slide

46 Anatomy of the cochlear, vertical section Next slide Practice

Spiral ganglion Scala vestibuli (with perilymph) Scala tympani (with perilymph) Vestibular membrane Cochlear duct (with endolymph) Tectorial membrane Spiral organ of Corti Basilar membrane 47 Section through one turn of cochlear Next slide

Spiral ganglion 48 The cochlear; ID the indicated structures Practice

Tectorial membrane Stereovilli of hair cells Outer hair cells Supporting cells Basilar membrane Inner hair cell Fibers of cochlear nerve 49 Enlargement of spiral organ of Corti

Outer hair cells Supporting cells Inner hair cell 50 Enlargement of spiral organ of Corti Practice

Histology of the cochlear 51