 Section 1: States and Nations

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  A state is an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs. A state has sovereignty, which means independence from control of its internal affairs by other states. Country is often used as a synonym for state. Largest State: Russia 17.1 million square kilometers (6.6 million square miles) Smallest State: Monaco 1.5 square kilometers (0.6 square miles) Example of microstate, which are states with very small land areas.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  A state provides services for its citizens.  It demands taxes  It demands obedience to the laws.  It demands military service  Periods of adversity can increase a sense of nationalism-but can backfire  A state is possible only if a national attitude or emotional attachment to the state develops.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. States vary greatly in………  Size-some huge like Russia 6.6 m. sq. miles, others large with 3 m. sq. miles like US, China, Brazil, Canada-some are microstates-Vatican and Monaco.  Shape-some are compact while other are elongated or fragmented.  Demography-some have huge populations like China’s 1.3 billion or tiny like Iceland with 250,000.  Organization-monarchy, democratic, dictatorship, theocratic.  Resources-natural and skilled population  Development-urban to rural  Power-both economic and military o Increasing more ECONOMIC

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. o Created at end of World War II to serve the role of a facilitator for discussions regarding international POLITICAL problems. o At times, UN has intervened in conflicts between or within member states. o UN Membership increased rapidly on three occasions : 16 mostly European countries joined as a result of the Nazi Germany breakup : 17 mostly former African colonies joined : 26 countries joined as a result of Soviet Union and Yugoslavia breakup.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Permanent members: China, France, Russia, UK and US. *Can use a veto. *Most influence *Provide the most support: Money, Resources or military.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. o Disagreement: actual number of sovereign states o Korea-United or not? Democracy(US) vs Communism(USSR) o China China’s government considers Taiwan part of China. Nationalist vs Communists o Western Sahara (Sahrawi Republic) Morocco claims the territory. Built a 2,700 km. (1,700 mi) wall around it to keep rebels out.

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o Development of states traced to the Fertile Crescent. Persian Gulf to Mediterranean Sea o Evolution of States 1 st -City-states, which are sovereign states that are comprised of towns and their surrounding countryside. Walls defined boundaries. Area immediately outside walls controlled by city to produce food for urban residents. 2 nd : Medieval States Gained military dominance of individual city-states led to the formation of empires. e.g. Roman Empire Roman Empire collapse in 5 th century led to its land being parceled up and controlled by various monarchies.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 rd : Nation-States in Europe A nation-state is a state this territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity. The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves is known as self-determination. After WWI, leaders of the victorious countries met at the Versailles Peace Conference to redraw the map of Europe. Language most important criterion to create new European states and to adjust existing boundaries.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Nation o A single language o A common history o A similar ethnic background o Unity from a common political system.  Example: Iraqis have a stronger loyalty to tribe or clan the national government. Nation-State o Clearly defined territory o Sizable population o Well-organized government o Shared political and cultural history o Emotional ties to institutions or political systems or an ideology.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. o A state that contains more than one ethnicity is a multi-ethnic state. Multitude of ethnicities in some cases all contribute cultural features to the formation of a single nationality. e.g. United States of America o A multinational state is a country that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self-determination. e.g. Russia

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. o Nation-States in Europe Denmark 90% of population are ethnic Danes Nearly all Danes speak Danish Nearly all world’s Danish speakers live in Denmark Slovenia 83% of population are ethnic Slovenes Nearly all of the world’s Slovenes live in Slovenia Germany

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Former Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics based on its 15 largest ethnicities.  15 republics became15 independent states consisting of five groups.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Estonia-Mostly Protestant (Lutheran), Speak a Uralic language related to Finnish Latvia-Mostly Protestant (Lutheran), Speak a language of the Baltic group Lithuania-Mostly Roman Catholic, Speak within the Balto-Slavic branch Belarus- 3 states speak Slavic languages, Orthodox Christians. Ukraine Moldova Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan-Predominantly Muslims, Altaic language Kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan Tajikistan-Predominantly Muslims, Indo-Iranian Azerbaijan Armenia Georgia Russia

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. o Russia’s 39 ethnicities are clustered in two principal locations. 1.Along borders with neighboring states 2.Clustered in the center of Russia, especially between the Volga River basin and the Ural Mountains.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A colony is a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent. Sovereign state may run only its military and foreign policy. Sovereign state may also control its internal affairs. Europeans=GOD, GOLD AND GLORY

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Remaining Colonies U.S. Department of State lists 68 places in the world that it calls dependencies and areas of special sovereignty. Most current colonies are islands in the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea. Ex. Puerto Rico, a commonwealth of the U.S., is home to 4 million residents who are U.S. citizens, but they do not participate in U.S. election or have a voting member of Congress.

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The Capitalist World Economy  Result of colonialism  Construction of a world order based on differences in economic and political power  Immanuel Wallerstein’s World-Systems Theory 1. The world economy has one market and a global division of labor. 2. Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy. 3. The world economy has a three-tier structure.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Core Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology Generate more wealth in the world economy Semi-periphery Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery Serves as a buffer between core and periphery Periphery Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology Generate less wealth in the world economy

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