Mycenaean Greece and Cross-Cultural Interactions “I have gazed on the face of Agamemnon.” ~Heinrich Schliemann.

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Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY

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Presentation transcript:

Mycenaean Greece and Cross-Cultural Interactions “I have gazed on the face of Agamemnon.” ~Heinrich Schliemann

Dating Scheme after J.-B. Bury (following Evans)

Thera and Crete

Thera (Santorini)-Satellite Image

Minoans and Mycenaeans  Thera explosion ca BCE  Trading empora: Minoan pottery replaced by Mycenaean by ca BCE  Struggle for Mediterranean hegemony between Minoans and Mycenaeans, ca BCE  Mycenaean takeover of Crete ca BCE  Final destruction of Knossos ca BCE (Linear B)

Flotilla Mural from Thera

Excursus: Heinrich Schliemann  Excavator of Mycenaean civilization  Autodidact; early fascination with Homeric poems  “Outsider” to academic establishment W. Doerpfeld and credibility  Entrepreneur and Treasure Hunter  Modern Assessments

Heinrich Schliemann

Mycenaean Argolid

Mycenaean Death Mask

Mycenaean Trading Contacts from Minoan Crete  Height of Mycenaean Greece: ca BCE (LH II- IIIB)  Cultural Influences (palace architecture, frescoes, seal stones, fine gold work)  Trading Emporia in the Near East and West (Taranto)

General Characteristics  Centralized Administration (king or wanax); Palace as Redistributive Economy  Highly Organized Bureaucracy (Linear B Palace Inventories)  Complex Social Structure Royal Family (wanax: military, legislative, judicial, religious functions) Nobility (priests and scribes) Merchants (?), Agricultural Workers, and Craftsmen Slaves  Mycenae: Shaft Graves (circles A and B): ca BCE ; tholos (“beehive”) tombs: ca BCE ; “Treasury of Atreus”: ca BCE

Royal Grave Circle A circa 1600 BCE

Entrance to “Treasury of Atreus”

Cross-Section of Tholos

Interior of “Treasury of Atreus” Corbeled Arch (ca BCE)

Mycenaeans and Minoans  Significant Differences Mycenaean Palaces are closed; strongly fortified Mycenaean art: war motifs predominate

“Warrior Vase” circa 1200 BCE

Vapheio Cup (ca BCE)

Citadel of Mycenae

Aerial View of Citadel at Mycenae

Lioness Gate at Mycenae

Writing: Linear B Script  Monopoly of the Elites Linear B script virtually unchanged  destruction at Knossos, ca BCE (following Biers)  destruction at Pylos, ca BCE

Linear B Tablets

End of Mycenaean Civilization and Trojan War  Back to Lecture One  Thirteenth and twelfth-century Mediterranean BCE context: Turmoil in the Mediterranean basin and the Near East (“Sea Peoples”). ca BCE--Egypt weakened; Hittite empire collapses; destruction at Mycenaean centers (Tiryns, Mycenae, Pylos, Thebes; ca BCE: final destruction at Mycenae)  Greece--lines of trade disrupted (e.g. contact with Cyprus, a source of copper, is broken) Fortifications strengthened at Mycenae; secret passageway to underground cistern Secret passageways to water sources at Athens and Tiryns Isthmian Wall Archaeological Evidence of Troy VII A--a last gasp Mycenaean expedition?

Collapse of Mycenaean Civilization

Explanations: Intruder, Environmental, Class Conflict  Tradition: return of Heracleidae and the Dorian invasion (Sparta)  Problem: tradition dates invasion to ca BCE; archaeological evidence indicates a date closer to 1200 BCE  Identifying the Dorians? Invaders or Subject Population within Mycenaean society?  Alternatives: climatic--famine leads to internal social revolutions; inter-city wars  Trojan War; Nostoi; Egyptian records and Achaeans (Sea Peoples)