Unit 7 Chapter 10: Federal Bureaucracy Section 1 Bureaucratic Organization Mr. Grube

Essential Questions What is the major importance of the Federal Bureaucracy?

I CAN: Define the concept of Bureaucracy and describe its characteristics Explain the concept of a Bureaucrat and their function within the government Identify and Describe the structure and function of the Federal Bureaucracy

Definitions of Bureaucracy Group #1 Definitions of Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy - A professional corps of unelected officials organized in a pyramid hierarchy, functioning under impersonal uniform rules and procedures.

Bureaucracy A hierarchical organization in which offices have specified missions and employees are assigned responsibility based on merit, knowledge, and experience.

bureaucracy Definition: an administrative system, especially in a government, that divides work into specific categories carried out by special departments of nonelected officials

bureaucracy literally means “rule by desks” government by clerks

Duty of Bureaucracy Cabinet Departments Most Important duty: Carry out the Day-to-Day business of the government 15 cabinet departments

What and Whom are “Bureaucrats?” Group #2 What and Whom are “Bureaucrats?”

Bureaucrats A Civil servant Permanent employee of the government

Who are the “Bureaucrats?” 97% are career government employees Only 10% live in the D.C. area 30% work for the D.O.D. Less than 15% work for social welfare agencies Most are white collar workers: secretaries, clerks, lawyers, inspectors & engineers Civil employees more diverse demographically than Congress

The Federal Bureaucracy is: 4 million employees; 2.8 million are civilians or “civil servants” President only appoints 3% (patronage or political appointments) 15 cabinet level departments 200+ independent agencies with 2,000+ bureaus, divisions, branches, etc. Biggest - Dept. of Defense, U.S. Postal Service, Veterans Administration

Bureaucratic Statistics 2.9 million civilians 1.4 million military 4.2 million state 11.4 million local Total: 19.8 million people work for government

Where do Federal Employees Work? Source: www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivities/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/

What Jobs Do Bureaucrats Do? Source: www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivities/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/

Demographics of Federal Employees

Functions and Structures of the Federal Bureaucracy Group #3 Functions and Structures of the Federal Bureaucracy

Functions of the Federal Bureaucracy Implementation - carry out laws of Congress, executive orders of the President Administration - routine administrative work; provide services (ex: SSA sends social security checks to beneficiaries) Regulation - issue rules and regulations that impact the public (ex: EPA sets clean air standards) Source: http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/am_gov/chap6/a0606401.asp

Organization Departments, agencies, boards, commissions, corporations, and advisory committees Article 2- President appoints heads of departments

The Cabinet Departments The 15 cabinet departments headed by a cabinet secretary appointed by the president and approved by the Senate Each department “expert” in specific policy area Each department has its own budget Department of Homeland Security, created in 2002, is newest department

Department of Homeland Security Executive Secretary Commandant of Coast Guard (1) Legislative Affairs Secretary ---------------------------------- Deputy Secretary Inspector General Public Affairs General Counsel State and Local Coordination Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Citizenship & Immigration Service Ombudsman (1) Director, Bureau of Citizenship & Immigration Services (1) Special Assistant to the Secretary (private sector) Director of the Secret Service (1) National Capital Region Coordination Small & Disadvantaged Business Privacy Officer Chief of Staff International Affairs Shared Services Counter Narcotics Under Secretary Management Under Secretary Science and Technology Under Secretary Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection Under Secretary Border & Transportation Security Under Secretary Emergency Preparedness and Response Note (1): Effective March 1st, 2003

Independent Executive Agencies Established by Congress with separate status outside the executive branch Given a specific mandate and generally perform a service function, not a regulatory one. Some examples include: Social Security Administration, CIA, NASA, EPA.

Independent Agencies Similar to cabinet departments but usually have a narrower area of responsibility Ex: NASA, CIA Perform services for the executive branch

Independent Regulatory Commissions IRCs exist to regulate a specific economic activity or interest such as the Federal Communications Commission (public air waves) or Federal Reserve Board (banking system, money supply) IRCs operate independently from Congress and the President Once appointed and seated, members cannot be removed without cause

Regulatory Commissions Administrative units that have responsibility for the monitoring and regulation of ongoing economic activities Created to make rules for large industries and businesses that affect public interest Under intense pressure from lobbyists Ex: EPA (environment), SEC (stocks and bonds)

Government Corporations Government owned businesses created by Congress May or may not be profitable, but serve a public need Ex: U.S. Postal Service, Amtrak, Tennessee Valley Authority, Corporation for Public Broadcasting

Government Corporations Independent agencies, are similar to private organizations in that they can charge for their services but differ in that they receive federal funding Ex:TVA, USPS, Amtrak

Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy Source: www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivities/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/

Characteristics and Criticisms Group #4 Characteristics and Criticisms

Characteristics of a Bureaucracy administration of government through departments consists of unelected often highly trained professionals task specialization hierarchical authority

Public Perceptions of Bureaucracies impersonal inclined to follow rigid or complex procedures may stifle effectiveness and innovation “red tape”

Criticism of Bureaucracy I. RED TAPE too many rigid procedures >>> ex: all hiring must be done through OPM too many policies with no flexibility for special circumstances too many forms to fill out, lines to wait II. INEFFICIENCY lack of incentive to be productive - no profit motive III. DUPLICATION OF SERVICES bureaucracy is so complicated agencies are performing similar and sometimes the same functions Dept. of Commerce overlaps with Dept. of Agriculture, GSA overlaps with Dept. of Interior, etc. federalism makes this more complicated, many services are provided at the state and national level both

Criticisms Continued IV. BUREAUCRACY IS LAW MAKER regulations end up having the effect of law. V. BUREAUCRACY IS TOO BIG privatization would be more effective VI. BUREAUCRACY IS CORRUPT iron triangle - reveals the relationship between the Executive branch, Congress and private interest groups that can lead to decisions which benefit the private sector at the expense of the government.

Oversight of the Federal Bureaucracy Group #5 Oversight of the Federal Bureaucracy

The President Supervises the Bureaucracy The President can: appoint & remove agency heads reorganize the bureaucracy issue executive orders reduce an agency's budget President Bush speaks about his budget priorities for FY 2007

Congress Oversees the Bureaucracy Congress can: create or abolish agencies & departments cut or reduce funding investigate agency activities hold committee hearings pass legislation that alters an agency's functions influence or even fail to confirm presidential appointments Former FEMA Chief Michael Brown testifies before House committee investigating Hurricane Katrina

Federal Courts Check the Bureaucracy Federal courts can: through judicial review rule on whether the bureaucracy has acted within the law and the U.S. Constitution provide due process for individuals affected by a bureaucratic action Supreme Court of the United States

Question Why do you think that the organization of Bureaucracies are so confusing?

Question What do the 15 departments help to make up, guaranteed by the 25th amendment, that we talked about in the last unit.

Answer: Presidential Succession

Cabinet Departments Serve as the major service organization for the federal government Has broad powers and responsibility 15 different cabinets with different agendas and duties

Department of State Founded: 1789 Overall foreign policy of the United States Embassies- office of ambassadors in foreign countries Current Secretary: Hillary Clinton

Department of Defense Founded: 1789 (Department of War) Changed name in 1949 Protects the nation’s security Joint Chiefs of Staff (Army, Navy, Marines, and Air Force) Current Secretary: Leon Panetta

Department of Treasury Founded: 1789 Managing the money of the US Ex: IRS, Bureau of Mint, Bureau of Public Debt Current Secretary: Timothy Geithner

Department of Interior Founded: 1849 Protect public lands and natural resources throughout the nation Ex: Bureau of Mines Current Secretary: Ken Salazar

Question What Service, created by Teddy Roosevelt, would be found in the Department of Interior? (hint, think of Old Faithful)

Department of Agriculture Founded: 1862 Help farmers improve their income and expand their markets Ex: Food Safety and Inspection Service Current Secretary: Tom Vilsack

Department of Justice Founded: 1870 Attorney General (1789) Oversee the nation’s legal affairs Ex: FBI, DEA, US Marshals Current Secretary: Attorney General Eric Holder

Department of Commerce Founded: 1903 Promote and protect the industrial and commercial segments of the American economy Ex: Bureau of Census, Patent and Trademark Office, National Institute of Standards and Technology Current Secretary: John Bryson

Department of Labor Founded: 1913 Protects American workers; safe working conditions, safeguards a minimum wage, and protects pension rights Ex: Office of American Workplace Current Secretary: Hilda Solis

Housing and Urban Development Founded: 1965 Preserve the nation’s communities and ensure equal housing opportunities Ex: Government National Mortgage Association Current Secretary: Shaun Donovan

Transportation Department Founded: 1966 Regulate all aspects of transportation needs, policy development, and planning Federal Aviation, Railroad, Highway, and Transit Secretary: Ray Lahood

Energy Department Founded: 1977 Plans energy policy and researches and develops energy technology Secretary: Stephen Chu

Question What are some new research methods that the Energy Department is trying to work on to help the world with their environment problem?

Answer: Clean Energy, such as Wind, Solar, Clean Coal, Electric Cars

Health and Human Services Department Founded: 1979 Health and social services needs of people Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security, FDA Secretary: Kathleen Sebeliu

Education Department Founded: 1979 Coordinate federal assistance programs for public and private schools Education is an essential feature of democracy Secretary: Arne Duncan

Veterans Affairs Department Founded: 1989 Administers several hospitals, educational, and other programs designed to benefit veterans and families Secretary: Eric Shinseki

Homeland Security Department Founded: 2002 Created after September 11th to help protect our nation, analyzes information from FBI and CIA Secretary: Janet Napiltano

Organization Cont.

Title: The Damages of the Bureaucracy Artist: unknown, La Presna, Panama Date: May, 2006 Source: http://www.politicalcartoons.com

Title: Federal Employees Self Esteem Class Artist: Chip Bok Date: unknown Source: http://www.reason.com/9602/bok.gif

Title: Another Layer of Bureaucracy Artist: Bob Englehart, The Hartford Courant Date: February, 2006 Source: : http://www.politicalcartoons.com

Title: FEMA’s Follies Artist: Mike Keefe, The Denver Post Date: April, 2006 Source: http://www.cagle.com/news/FEMASFollies/main.asp

Essential Questions What is the major importance of the Federal Bureaucracy?

Works Cited Page http://www.federalbudget.com/chartinfo.html www.youthleadership.net The Federal Bureaucracy: Examining the Fourth Branch