Infection and Disease II Pathogenicity and Infection.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Host-Pathogen Interactions. Symbiosis Commensual Mutualistic Parasitic.
Advertisements

Infectious Diseases.
Microbial Interactions with Humans
 Mucous membranes –Conjunctiva –Respiratory –Gastrointestinal tract –Urogenital  Skin –Abrasions or bite  Parenteral –Puncture or injection Portals.
MLAB 2434 – MICROBIOLOGY KERI BROPHY-MARTINEZ
Infectious Diseases. Pathogens: Microorganisms that are capable of causing disease Pathogens: Microorganisms that are capable of causing disease Infection:
1.1 Pathogens. Starter What is health? A state of complete physical, mental and social well- being. What is disease? A description of symptoms which suggest.
Mechanisms of Pathogenicity Microbiology 2314 Definitions Pathogenicity The ability of a pathogen to produce a disease by overcoming the defenses of.
Define a Few Words: Pathogen Pathology Pathologist Pathogenicity Pathogenesis.
Bacterial Physiology (Micr430) Lecture 18 Bacterial Pathogenesis (Based on other textbooks such as Madigan’s)
Summary of Lecture 20 Microbe: human interactions on and within the body are normal. Human body is a good habitat for suitable bacteria (nutrients, temperature,
Mechanisms of microbial disease Schaechter et al, Chapter 9 Burton & Engelkirk Chapter 7.
General Microbiology (Micr300)
III. Infection and Disease
Bacterial Toxins Chapter 14 Add-on.
Updated February 2015 J. D. Hendrix. A. Definitions B. The Normal Flora of Humans C. Generalized Stages of Infection D. Virulence Factors and Toxins.
BACTERIAL PATHOGENESIS
BIO 411 – Medical Microbiology Chapter 9 Commensal and Pathogenic Microbial Flora.
Person-to-Person Microbial Diseases Airborne Transmission Respiratory Infections Human Reservoir “Tough Microbes” 10, ,000 bacteria per sneeze.
Pathogenesis of infectious disease. Path means disease Pathogens refer to microorganism capable to cause a disease. Pathology : the study of structural.
Establishment of Infection In order to cause disease pathogen must follow a series of steps –Gain entrance to host –Adherence –Colonization –Avoid Host.
1077 MCB 3020, Spring 2005 Host-Parasite Relationships.
Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY -1I PHT 313
D- Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity. Pathogenicity - ability to cause disease Virulence - degree of pathogenicity w Many properties that determine.
Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
Host-Parasite Relationship Normal Flora Pathogens Infections Opportunistic pathogens.
Chapter 15 Microbial Mechanism of Pathogenicity. Pathogens have to enter the system to cause disease Regions/areas of the body used by microbes to enter.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. MICROBIAL MECHANISMS OF PATHOGENICITY Chapter 15.
Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
Chapter 15 Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
Medical Microbiology Chapter 19 Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenesis.
MLAB 2434 – CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY SUMMER, 2005 CECILE SANDERS & KERI BROPHY Chapter 6 – Host-Parasite Interaction.
Pathogenesis of bacterial Infections
Prof. Khalifa Sifaw Ghenghesh Dept. of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tripoli University, Tripoli-Libya بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم BACTERIAL PATHOGENESIS.
Prof.Hanan Habib Department of Pathology & laboratory medicine, Microbiology Unit, KSU Host-Parasite Relationship )
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION. CONTENT 1) A brief history of medical microbiology 2) Host – parasite relationships 3) Mechanism of pathogenesis  Pathogenic.
Chapter 26 Infectious Diseases.
Microbe-Human Interactions. A Continuum of Interactions Exists Routine Contact with Microorganisms Infection – a condition in which pathogenic microbes.
The Immune System and Diseases. Infectious diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, “protists”, and parasites. Except for parasites, most of.
Reservoirs and vectors Reservoirs Animal, soil, water etc - source of infection. Vectors Arthropods, especially fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes Mechanical.
Infection and disease Lecture 3 Bacterial toxins Portals of exit Common bacterial diseases.
PATHOGENS AND DISEASE. Q. What is meant by the term MICROBE? A. A very small organism or microorganism, only observed using a microscope eg Bacteria,
A microorganism is a pathogen if it is capable of causing disease; however, some organisms are highly pathogenic, that is, they often cause disease,
Chapter 17 Host- Microbe Interaction Biology 261 Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.
Methods by which pathogens cause disease: Adhesion: bacteria must bind to the cell surfaces Colonization: bacteria produce proteins and colonize parts.
Commensal and Pathogenic Microbial Flora in Humans
Mechanism of disease transmission: There are 3 actions (step) for disease transmission: 1. Escape of the agent from the source or reservoir 2. Conveyance.
Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases CLS 212: Medical Microbiology.
Host Parasite Relationship
Bacterial Interactions with Hosts. A. Terminology B. Hosts C. The Skin D. Oral cavity E. Intestinal Tract F. Respiratory Tract G. Genito-urinary Tract.
Mechanisms of Pathogenicity  Pathogenicity: the ability to cause disease  Virulence: the extent of pathogenicity.
Medical Bacteriology MBIO 460 Lecture 13 Dr. Turki Dawoud 2 nd Semester 1436/1437 H.
Introduction to Immunology: Immunology began as a branch of microbiology; it grew out of the study of infectious diseases and the body’s response to them.
Microbial toxin There are several virulence factors which help to establish disease The virulence of some bacteria is thought to be aided by the production.
Medical Bacteriology MBIO 460 Lecture 9 Dr. Turki Dawoud 2 nd Semester 1436/1437 H.
Bacteria and Disease Biotechnology.
Chapter 14.
Pathogenesis of infectious disease
Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases
MLAB 2434 – MICROBIOLOGY KERI BROPHY-MARTINEZ
Infection, Disease Transmission, and Normal Flora
Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
Pathogenicity and virulence
Lecturer name: Prof .Hanan Habib & Prof A.M. Kambal
Chapter 15 Microorganisms and Human Disease
Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
Host Parasite Relationship
Presentation transcript:

Infection and Disease II Pathogenicity and Infection

ELISA -- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Direct ELISA -- detects __________ (i.e. virus, bacterium) Indirect ELISA -- detects ______________ to the antigen. HIV ELISA is an example. Antibody-based detection methods

HIV Indirect ELISA animation activities/elisa/technique.html? activities/elisa/technique.html?

Pathogenicity and Infection Non-specific host defenses Non-specific host defenses Entry of the pathogen into the host Entry of the pathogen into the host Colonization and growth Colonization and growth Virulence Virulence Toxins Toxins

Some terms Pathogen (or ‘true pathogen’) -- can cause infection and disease in a _____________ host Opportunistic pathogen -- only pathogenic to non- ______________ individuals or when introduced into a normally ___________ part of the body Virulence -- degree of __________________ of a parasite Virulence factors -- _________________ of the pathogen which allow it to successfully invade and colonize a host

Non-specific host defenses Anatomical defenses Anatomical defenses Effect of age, stress, and diet on susceptibility Effect of age, stress, and diet on susceptibility

Physical Barriers and Anatomical Defenses

Compound in Saliva Protects Against E. coli Scientists from the University of Calgary have identified a protein produced by salivary glands that, when administered orally, can significantly reduce diarrhea and weight loss associated with Escherichia coli infection. They report their findings in the October 1998 issue of the journal Infection and Immunity. In the study, the researchers investigated the ability of the protein, known as epidermal growth factor (EGF), to protect rabbits from the effects of an experimental E. coli infection. The researchers found that daily treatment with EGF prevented the occurrence of diarrhea and weight loss. They also found lower colonization rates in the intestines of treated rabbits. "The findings demonstrate that oral EGF administration inhibits the production of diarrhea and reduction in weight gain seen in weanling rabbits infected with attaching-effacing E. coli, " say the researchers. "These observations suggest a role for EGF in protecting the gastrointestinal tract from colonization from bacterial pathogens.” (A. Buret, M.E. Olson, D. Grant Gall, and J.A. Hardin Effects of orally administered epidermal growth factor on enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection in rabbits. Infection and Immunity. 66: )

Susceptibility to Infectious Disease Age -- ___________ and ____________ more susceptible. Why?  infants -- undeveloped normal flora,undeveloped immune system  elderly -- immune response declines, anatomical changes Stress -- in rats: fatigue, exertion, poor diet, dehydration, drastic climatic changes increase_________________ and___________________ of infections.  Hormone imbalance plays important role. Diet -- famine and infectious disease correlated (e.g. cholera). Overeating may have also an effect.  Key may be disruption of __________________ ______________  Not eating a particular substance needed by normal flora can have effect (e.g. a vitamin)

How they get in Tissue specificity (of the pathogen) is a serious barrier to the entry of most microorganisms (more on this later) l Discussed in viruses, also true of other pathogenic microorganisms: often (usually) only infect specific tissues and cell types. l Notable (mainly bacterial) exceptions exist, e.g. Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. So, how do microorganisms “get into” (colonize and establish in) the host?? l In the first place some of them don’t have to “get in” to be pathogenic… How can this be? They might already be there (in the normal flora or as latent infections) Called infection from an “endogenous” source

Exogenous infections Skin: portals are bites, digestive enzymes, needles, surgery, wounds, and catheters. High speed photo of unstifled sneeze Respiratory tract: location (upper or lower) somewhat dependent on size, attachment. Portal of entry to the greatest ________________ of pathogens. GI tract: ________ production (e.g. Staph. aureus, Clostridium perfringens) or directly through intestinal (and stomach, in the case of Helicobacter) epithelium

Exogenous Infectious Agents Entering via the skin: Staph. aureus; Strep. pyogenes; herpes simplex type I, HIV, and various viruses; assorted fungi; Clostridium tetani and C. perfringens; Haemophilus aegyptum, Acanthamoeba and assorted protozoa, etc.Entering via the skin: Staph. aureus; Strep. pyogenes; herpes simplex type I, HIV, and various viruses; assorted fungi; Clostridium tetani and C. perfringens; Haemophilus aegyptum, Acanthamoeba and assorted protozoa, etc. Entering through the GI tract: various Gram-negative rods (Salmonella, Campylobacter, E. coli, Shigella dysenterae, Vibrio cholerae, etc.); assorted viruses (poliovirus, hepatitis A, rotaviruses)Entering through the GI tract: various Gram-negative rods (Salmonella, Campylobacter, E. coli, Shigella dysenterae, Vibrio cholerae, etc.); assorted viruses (poliovirus, hepatitis A, rotaviruses) Entering via the respiratory tract: Group A Strep. pyogenes; meningitis-causing bacteria such as Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae; Corynebacterium diphtheriae; Bordetella pertussis; pneumonia-causing agents like Strep. pneumoniae and various viruses and fungi; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; viruses of chickenpox, measles, mumps, rubella, influenza, and common cold.Entering via the respiratory tract: Group A Strep. pyogenes; meningitis-causing bacteria such as Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae; Corynebacterium diphtheriae; Bordetella pertussis; pneumonia-causing agents like Strep. pneumoniae and various viruses and fungi; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; viruses of chickenpox, measles, mumps, rubella, influenza, and common cold.

Exogenous infections (cont.) Urogenital: Enter through skin or mucosa of penis, vagina, urethra, etc. Syphilis (Treponema pallidum), gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae), genital warts, chlamydia, herpes simplex Type II, HIV, etc. Birth-related infections: Placental (e.g. syphilis) or during birth: STORCH (syphilis, toxoplasmosis, other [HIV, hepatitis B, chlamydia], rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex II virus)

Adherence, colonization, invasion, growth, disease

Adherence Fimbriae (non-sex pili) of enteropathogenic E. coli Enteropathogenic strains are able to colonize the ___________ intestine and cause ________________ by expressing specific colonization factor antigens (proteins) on their fimbriae

Intestinal Infection by Enteropathogenic bacteria Enteropathogenic E. coli infection animation Enteropathogenic E. coli infection animation Salmonella invasion animation Salmonella invasion animation (Howard Hughes Institute web site:

Pathogens must first become established at site of infection. _____________ must be compatible with the microorganism. An infecting microorganism can’t adhere to _______ cells or hosts. Tissue and host specificity as factors in infection

Some cells are pathogenic due to the toxins they produce (e.g. Clostridia) but most need to actually ___________ and ______________ in host tissues in order to cause disease.

Colonization, Growth, and Virulence Colonization -- ____________________ of a microorganism after it has attached to host tissues or other surfaces The initial inoculum of cells is rarely sufficient to cause disease; needs to ____________. Must therefore find appropriate nutrients and environment. This not always as easy as it appears (e.g. iron) Virulence factor -- any characteristic of a pathogen that enables it to establish itself and cause disease. These are often extracellular enzymes such as hemolysin, hyaluronidase, collegenase, and coagulase. The first 3 of these allow for spread (and nutrition, to some extent), the 4th promotes localization and, probably, protection.

Summary of virulence factors important in Salmonella pathogenesis

Some pathogens are much more virulent than others

Infectious Dose -- minimum number of agents (cells, viruses) needed to cause disease Varies from 1 Rickettsia cell in Q fever to 10 cells in tuberculosis to 10 3 cells in gonorrhea, 10 4 cells in typhoid, and 10 9 cells in cholera. Smaller infectious dose = more _________ pathogen If number of cells < infectious dose no infection If number of cells >> inf. dose more rapid __________

Toxins Exotoxin -- toxin ___________ into tissue Diphtheria toxin -- extremely potent (one molecule will kill a cell). Disrupts _____________ synthesis. Caused by lysogenic phage in Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Tetanus and botulism toxins -- Causal organisms (Clostridium tetani and C. botulinum) don’t generally ______________ very much in infected tissues but instead release potent neurotoxins.

Action of Tetanus Neurotoxin Tetanus causes irreversible muscle _________________ (‘spastic paralysis’ or ‘lockjaw’)

Action of Botulinum Neurotoxin Botulinum toxin, the most poisonous substance known, causes irreversible muscle _________________ (‘flaccid paralysis’).

Toxins (cont.) Endotoxin -- toxin released only upon cell ________ and lysis These are lipopolysaccharides and thus are found only in Gram-negative organisms. Most studied in Salmonella, E. coli, and Shigella.

Toxins (cont.) Enterotoxin -- toxin that acts specifically on the ______________.  Enterotoxins are found in S. aureus, enteropathogenic E. coli, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp., etc.  Most studied: cholera toxin from Vibrio cholerae

Action of cholera enterotoxin

Action of cholera enterotoxin (cont.)

Patterns of Infection