20th Century Architecture (Part 4) Late Modernism/International Style January 2008 University of Palestine Faculty of Applied Engineering & Urban Planning Dept. of Architecture, Interior Design & Planning Theories of Architecture(EAPS4202) Lecturer 9 20th Century Architecture (Part 4) Late Modernism/International Style Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 07.04.2009 University of Plastine International

Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 Late Modernism Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

The end of Modernism: Aspects/Attitudes Modernism in architecture has not ceased but rather has been developed further. In 1960, it witnessed the born of late Modernism and Post Modernism Late Modernism has a practical attitude rather being symbolic & representative Exaggerative in applying the principle of Modernism in association with rationality Much emphasis on axis of circulation The focus is on mechanical sides of construction Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

The end of Modernism: Aspects/Attitudes Abstraction that contrasts traditional architecture A complete segregation with history & being traditional A style that adopts modernization and in particular has no relationship with the past Any architect whose work does emphasize such characteristics is articulated within the school of Late Modernism Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

Branches of Late Modernism: Sculptural Forms Classification: Pure geometrical forms (no interest in interior design & therefore function) The way to play with various shapes in the design Style: The focus is mainly on form only disregarding its content Contrast between: materials, horizontal and vertical and diagonal lines in juxtaposition. Use of modern materials and techniques. Expression of strength and capitalism. Its buildings: Sony Tower, Osaka : Kisho Kurokawa Opera House, Sydney : John Utzon Art Museum in Texas : Philip Johnson Dallas City Hall and the National Gallery of Art, Washington : Ieoh Ming Pei Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

Branches of Late Modernism: Sculptural Forms Dallas City Hall It relates to the type of pure geometrical form The shape is actually a pyramid designed up-side down The shape is indeed environment friendly providing shaded area adopting to the hot climate of Texas Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 Branches of Late Modernism: Sculptural Forms National Gallery of Art, Washington It relates to the type of pure geometrical form Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

Branches of Late Modernism: Sculptural Forms Sony Tower, Osaka The design built in 1975 by Kisho Kurokawa much relates to the type of focusing on the way to play with shapes The tower clearly emphasizes the use of modern technology Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 Nagakin Capsule Tower, Tokyo

Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 Branches of Late Modernism: Sculptural Forms Art Museum in southern Texas & Opera Sydney Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

Branches of Late Modernism: Sculptural Forms The Face House Designed by the Japanese Architect Casomo Yamasheta in Cito, Japan Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

Branches of Late Modernism: Extreme articulation (Structuralism) Examples: Kimbell Art Museum : Louis Khan Graduate School of Design, Harvard Univ. : John Andrews Housing , Amsterdam : Aldo Vaneyck. Style: The structural system used is reflected and seen in the form/elevation Movement elements (staircases, lifts, & etc) has been part of forming the shape by putting them at the elevation The interplay between structure & space where the interior space is large in size Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 Branches of Late Modernism: Extreme articulation (Structuralism), Kimbell Art Museum The use of concrete structure The opening in the ceiling allow for the use of natural light The ceiling form is the result of concrete vault that reflects its structure without resistance Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 Branches of Late Modernism: Extreme articulation (Structuralism), Housing project, Amsterdam Structural system uses glass & steel Elevations largely uses glass materials sighting the inside space The use of colors in the elevations giving the design its character & identity, with much emphasis on contrasting the neighboring buildings Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 Branches of Late Modernism: Extreme articulation (Structuralism), Graduate School of Design, Harvard Univ Supporting structural elements are sighting in the elev in a steppes form showing the character of the building while the non supporting ones are inside The structural elements being seen indicate the type of space behind Contrast to neighboring buildings Stairs connecting various floor levels are made of light steel element Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

Branches of Late Modernism: Second Machines Aesthetic Why second: The style adopted indicates that the form follows function . Thus, Le Corbusier style is considered as the first stage and this development is a second stage taking Le Corbusier’s style further. Style: Started with Le Corbusier who admired the machine Emphasized 2 periods: 1. The first emphasizes efficiency & flexibility 2. The design much emphasizes openness by the use of steel & glass while considering the structural system adopted as functioning as decorative elements of the façade Examples: Lloyd Building, London Stansted, Norman Foster. Centre Pompidou, Paris Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

Branches of Late Modernism: Second Machines Aesthetic (Richard Rogers) Flexibility was an issue by having columns only on the edges next to elevation. In addition to structural character, inside is reflected outside to free the inner space and to smooth out maintenance while allowing natural light through the glass roof. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 Branches of Late Modernism: Second Machines Aesthetic (Stanstead Airport, London) Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008

Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 Branches of Late Modernism: Second Machines Aesthetic (Centre Pompidou, Paris) Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008