Fitness and health Fitness is the ability to carryout day to day activities Health is being free from disease There are 4 main types of ‘fitness’: –Suppleness –Stamina –Strength –Speed NC_94

How can we measure fitness? Many methods – bleep test, sit up test, pull up test…etc. Medical method is to measure blood pressure Measures the blood flow through arteries, which carry blood at high pressure

Blood pressure is a measure of the pressure applied by the blood against artery walls. Blood pressure varies with: What is blood pressure? Blood pressure is measured as two numbers, e.g. 120/80 heartbeat strength blood volume fitness health age.

The big number (‘120’) is the systolic pressure. This is the blood pressure during a heartbeat. “Blood pressure one-twenty over eighty.” Systolic and diastolic The small number (‘80’) is the diastolic pressure. This is the blood pressure in-between heartbeats.

Heart disease What is it? What causes it? How can we stop it?

Cholesterol Found in saturated animal fats (butter, red meat…) Sticks to the walls of the arteries Builds up and means blood can’t flow properly Means the heart doesn’t get enough blood/oxygen and can’t pump Causes heart attack

Smoking Smoking causes increased blood pressure This means the heart finds it harder to push the blood around the body Carbon monoxide in smoke also causes the amount of oxygen blood carries to reduce (get lower) Nicotine causes heart rate to increase and the vessels carrying the blood to get smaller Heart rate increases Eventually can lead to heart attacks

The five major food groups Carbohydrates (for energy) Vegetables (vitamins, minerals & fibre for healthy bodily functions) Protein (for growth and repair) Fats, oils & sweets (for energy) We have to eat these foods in the right amounts to stay healthy. This is known as eating a balanced diet. Fibre (keeps us regular)

Food breakdown At every stage of the digestion process, enzymes are active Enzymes break large molecules into smaller ones so we can get the nutrients we need from our food

Digestion – mechanical and chemical Starch  glucose Protein  amino acids Fatty acids  glycerol and fatty acid All of the above is done by enzymes Large molecules are broken down to smaller ones

Symptoms of disease Normal body temperature is about 37ºC If we are ill or have disease, the first thing that happens is we start to get a high temperature This is because a pathogen is in our bodies…our body is working harder to try and stop the infection Which cells will be sent to try and stop the pathogen from causing more damage?

Fighting infection White blood cells make specific antibodies for bacteria/microbes These antibodies surround the bacteria and ‘flag’ it up to the white blood cell The different type of white blood cell comes and engulfs (destroys) the bacteria

Passive and active immunity Vaccinations are active immunity. The body forms a response by making antibodies for the toxin which has entered the body Passive immunity is when antibodies are injected into a person. They body doesn’t make its own antibodies. Passive immunity is quicker but only lasts a short time – when would you use this type of immunity?

SenseSense OrganWhat it senses SightNose Position of fluid in semi-lunar canals HearingSkinChemicals TasteEarLight SmellEye Pressure, temperature TouchTongueVibrations Balance

Binocular or Monocular? What do you notice about the eyes on these animals? Binocular vision is vision in which both eyes are used together. What do you think Monocular vision is? Eyes facing forwards Pick of predators Eyes facing sideways Pick of prey

The Eye Sclera Iris Pupil Cornea Lens Retina Optic Nerve

The light rays are refracted (bent) by the lens and the image is focused on the retina. Light rays reflected off the object enter the eye, through the pupil. How we see

What does each part do? Cornea Refracts light. Iris Coloured part made of muscle – Controls amount of light going into the eye. Lens Focuses light on the retina. Pupil Made bigger or smaller by the iris. Retina Contains cells which are light sensitive Optic nerve Carries impulses to the brain.

The Nervous System The nervous system consists of three parts; Brain Peripheral Nerves Spinal Cord

The Nervous System Nerves are made up of nerve cells or neurones. There are three types of neurones 1) Sensory neurone 2) Motor neurone 3) Relay neurone

Motor Neurone (nerve cell) Dendrite Nucleus Nerve Ending Axon Cell Membrane Cytoplasm The job of the motor neurone is to carry nerve impulses from the brain to the muscles and glands

Voluntary Response Voluntary responses are under the control of our brains For example; Stimulus Effector Motor Neurone Sensory neurone Receptor Spinal Cord

Reflexes These bypass the brain as they need to be as fast as possible Stimulus starts the reflex and a number of cells are stimulated Response is what we do as an outcome to the stimulus

Involuntary response An example; Stimulus Effector Motor Neurone Sensory neurone Receptor Spinal Cord

Involuntary Response An example; Stimulus Sensory neurone Receptor

What are drugs? A drug is any chemical substance that affects the central nervous system (CNS). Drugs can be categorised as to whether they are legal or illegal Some drugs used for pleasure are legal Name two examples of legal drugs ALCOHOLTOBACCO

STIMULANTSDEPRESSANTSPAIN KILLERS Caffeine Nicotine Alcohol Aspirin Ecstasy Heroin

What is Homeostasis? Homeostasis - involves maintaining a constant environment in the body Homeostasis makes sure our body has the correct levels of; Temperature Carbon dioxide OxygenWater regulation-in-humans.html#lesson

What is a hormone? Hormones are chemical messengers used in the body by the endocrine system. Hormones are produced by our glands. Which gland produces the hormone insulin? Pancreas

The pancreas  Insulin controls  Glucose is a sugar needed by cells for respiration  It is important that the concentration of glucose in the blood is kept at a constant level blood sugar levels in our bodies

Phototropism Positive phototropism = Growth towards light Stem tip To get maximum light for photosynthesis Negative phototropism = Growth away from light Root tip Less chance of drying out Why is this beneficial to a plant? Phototropism is a plant’s growth response to light.

Geotropism Plant roots exhibit positive geotropism because they respond by growing towards the gravitational attraction. Plant stems (shoots) exhibit negative geotropism growing away from the gravitational attraction. Geotropism is a plant’s growth response to the earth’s gravitational field. Why might this be useful for a plant?

In order of size...

Mr Granger mM Mrs Granger mWWWM M MM The Granger’s children have a one in four chance of getting m alleles from both parents and having magical ability They also have a one in four chance of getting M alleles from both parents and being a muggle They could also get only one m from their mother or father and still be a muggle m M m M m m M M