East Asian Values Surveys Making a case for East Asian-origin values survey concepts Henk Vinken Pyrrhula BV & OSA, Institute for Labour Studies Tilburg, Netherlands ECCS, European Centre for Comparative Surveys Mannheim, Germany Asian Lectures Tour March-April 2007

East Asian Values Surveys Making a case for East Asian-origin values survey concepts Vinken, H. (2007). Religion and traditional values in East Asia. Exploring five comparative values surveys in East Asia. Working paper for School of Sociology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.Religion and traditional values in East Asia. Exploring five comparative values surveys in East Asia Vinken, H. (2006). East Asian Values Surveys. Making a case for East Asian-origin values survey concepts. Mannheim: ZUMA (ZUMA Arbeitsbericht 2006/05; ISSN ).East Asian Values Surveys. Making a case for East Asian-origin values survey concepts Four chapters in P. Ester, M. Braun & P. Mohler (Eds.) (2006), Globalization, value change, and generations. A cross-national and intergenerational perspective. Leiden & Boston: Brill (ISBN ; ISBN ) (Series: European Values Studies, Vol 10.; ISSN ).Globalization, value change, and generations. A cross-national and intergenerational perspective Vinken, H. (2005). Western bias in the sociology of religion. Universalist discourses in sociology and particularist indicators in four key surveys. Working paper for School of Sociology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan (Download is a revised version submitted to an international social science journal October 2006).Western bias in the sociology of religion. Universalist discourses in sociology and particularist indicators in four key surveys Vinken, H., J. Soeters & P. Ester (Eds.) (2004). Comparing cultures. Dimensions of culture in a comparative perspective. Leiden & Boston: Brill (ISBN ) (Series: International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology, Vol. 93; ISSN ).Comparing cultures. Dimensions of culture in a comparative perspective

East Asian Values Surveys Making a case for East Asian-origin values survey concepts Values * Latent, unobservable constructs of what is regarded a desirable state of affairs over against another state of affairs * Guiding principles for action: influence “the selection of modes, means, and ends of action” * Stable and durable: do not disappear when situation changes ( attitudes, opinions, etc.) * Most ideal to compare cultures (over time) Famous contemporary global values surveys WVS, World Values Survey SVS, Schwartz Values Survey ISSP, International Social Survey Programme NES, National Election Studies Etc. Fielded in many (East) Asian countries ! Most contemporary global values surveys concepts and methodologies are of Western-origin

East Asian Values Surveys Making a case for East Asian-origin values survey concepts Most contemporary global values surveys concepts and methodologies are of Western-origin Bias going in two ways Geert Hofstede, 2007: “Issues prominent in the researcher’s culture but not necessarily relevant to the respondents will be included, and issues crucial in the respondents’ culture but not in the researchers’ may be overlooked”. If global values surveys are Western, then do we measure and compare Western values or desired states of affairs only?

East Asian Values Surveys Making a case for East Asian-origin values survey concepts Aim Take account of possible Western bias and enhance cultural fit of global values surveys covering non-Western nations First question Where can we expect East Asian values to differ? How Review key literature on East Asian values conceptions and preliminarily analyze recent East Asian-origin comparative surveys AB, Asia Barometer (2003) AnB, Asian Barometer ( ) EAVS, East Asia Value Survey ( )

East Asian Values Surveys Making a case for East Asian-origin values survey concepts Core issue Legitimacy to compare cultures and thus values at the national level Strong arguments pro * Globalization sparks quest for and strengthening of national identity * Countries increasingly similar economically, thus cultural differences rise in relative importance * Still substantially more cultural diversity found between than within countries * Many other non-cultural reasons to keep nation as a relevant entity of comparison (political, institutional, etc.) Yet We should not disregard cultures and values at work at other levels * E.g. within-China diversity (city-level examples available) And beware of over-stressing the role of national cultures

East Asian Values Surveys Making a case for East Asian-origin values survey concepts Orientalism versus Reversed-Orientalism Orient/Occident – East/West binary develops from ‘weak East’ (1980s) to ‘weak West’ (>1980s): E.g. (neo-) Confucian Ethics debates since 1980s Note danger of triggering ‘othering’ process: defining the other as ‘specific’ or ‘historically typical’ and seeing the self as ‘generic’ and ‘universal’ Universalism versus Particularism What is found in all cultures versus what is unique to one E.g. Absolute nature of human rights. Claim ideas are independent of who believes, are part of pre-given make-up, c.q. all are driven by psyche -> bias: global search for adherence to universalist ideas only Particularists belief values depend on contexts (not part of inner core), esp. membership groups (family, work, etc.) -> no search outside context; weak diffusion particularist ideas

East Asian Values Surveys Making a case for East Asian-origin values survey concepts Key divergence East-West Individualism versus Collectivism Contemporary literature Personal independence Obligation Duty Relatedness to others China20Australia90 Hong Kong25Denmark74 Indonesia14Finland63 India48France71 Japan46Germany67 Korea (S)18Great Britain89 Malaysia26Italy76 Pakistan14Netherlands80 Philippines32New Zealand79 Singapore20Spain51 Taiwan17Sweden71 Thailand20USA91 Hofstede (2001) Culture’s Consequences (2nd ed.) Individualism and collectivism varies per life domain

East Asian Values Surveys Making a case for East Asian-origin values survey concepts Work Which values relevant in and originating from East Asia? Key words Sacrifice, feeling of duty, fitting in, efforts to relate to co-workers and those who may benefit one’s group (e.g. co-alumni), trying hard/doing one’s utmost; returns are security, guidance, and protection by employer/co-workers Evidence Western-origin global values studies focus on personal benefits of work (material/extrinsic or immaterial/intrinsic such as salary, promotion, personal growth) or individualist notions of (affective) commitment to work (ISSP)

East Asian Values Surveys Making a case for East Asian-origin values survey concepts Politics Which values relevant in and originating from East Asia? Key words Confucianism: working for the good of the family, assuring material well-being, and virtuous leadership (including perseverance and sacrifice); rule by talented AND benevolent elite with ‘carte blanche leadership’ (dependence public who expect services). Legalism: expecting and accepting strong state that addresses all needs. Assuring mutual (material) benefits versus personal trust. High network capital/strong support organisations tied to authorities. Evidence Western scholars celebrate universal nature of liberal democracy, individual rights and independent civil society. Global values studies focus on personal trust, voter turn-out, partisanship, the ‘good’ citizen and ‘civil society’ separated from state/business sector.

East Asian Values Surveys Making a case for East Asian-origin values survey concepts Religion Which values relevant in and originating from East Asia? Key words Syncreticism: melding various (opposing) schools of thought. Define one’s self a-school in situation x, b-school in situation y, etc. Not 1 value, belief, practice with pinnacle importance, but many compete. Dieties not supernatural only. Practice also without mediators (priests, etc.). Practical/this-worldly merging immaterial and material benefits. Embedded in family life AND in government bureaucracy. Evidence Western-origin surveys require 1 choice (sic!), focus on single membership, monotheism, Christian concepts, some extra ‘occult’ items to tap non-Western/New Age beliefs (see ‘othering’ process, slide 7).

East Asian Values Surveys Making a case for East Asian-origin values survey concepts Family life Which values relevant in and originating from East Asia? Key words Prototypical for all relationships. Filial bonds override conjugal ones. Filial piety AND anxiety (not easy to bear, esp. not for women). Feeling attached to family less important than duty and respect. Sacrifice and unselfish complete devotion to children. High relational value of children (standing among kin). Evidence Western-origin surveys (e.g., ISSP) focus on role men/women working out/in the home, mistake taking care of family life with doing household chores and show weak relationships with (Western-origin) values in other domains (e.g., religion, see previous slide). Some surveys (VOC, Values of Children project) show change and stability in East Asian family values.

East Asian Values Surveys Making a case for East Asian-origin values survey concepts Overlooking the four domains Many inadequate values concepts in global values surveys that yet are fielded in East Asia. In summary: Work Extrinsic/intrinsic work values, affective commitment Politics Personal trust, voluntary associational life, a separate civil society Religion Monotheism (1 choice), dominance doctrine over practice, authority figures, passive indulgence, transcendence over this-worldliness, separating religion from family and state relationships Family life Family as spouse/children unit, superiority of emotional bonds, attachment as voluntary choice, family life as household chores Conclusions

East Asian Values Surveys Making a case for East Asian-origin values survey concepts Overlooking the four domains Including adequate values concepts in global values surveys that make sense to East Asian publics (and scholars). In summary: Work Sacrifice, devotion, fitting in, preserving relationships, loyalty Politics Reciprocal relationships, sacrifice, self-discipline, for the (material) good of one’s in-group (criterion also for outsider-relationships) Religion Syncreticism, polytheism, context-dependence, central role of offerings also for this-worldly goals, ties to family and state virtues Family life Filial piety and anxiety, sacrifice, awareness of obligations, securing emotional, relational and material returns Conclusions

East Asian Values Surveys Making a case for East Asian-origin values survey concepts Overlooking the four domains Similar keywords that cross the four domains Sacrifice (for one’s in-group) Preserving reciprocal relationships Assuring material benefits Others? Conclusions

East Asian Values Surveys Making a case for East Asian-origin values survey concepts Vigorously meld several school of thought Working towards improving comparative values surveys. For the benefit of global academia (no comparability, no clue what is truly universal/particular, weak explanatory power of values), and for East Asian publics (unaddressed concerns, weak responsiveness of policies and politics). Stepwise: Analyses Analyzing comparative values surveys from East Asia searching the best measurement instruments Seminars Bringing together (young) East Asian scholars to suggest, test and debate the best measurement instruments (per domain) Inclusion Including a frugal set of indicators in global values surveys With your help we can