25.2 Nuclear Transformations Chapter 25 Nuclear Chemistry 25.2 Nuclear Transformations

Chemistry Today we are learning to:- 1. See what determines the type of decay a radioisotope undergoes 2. Understand what we mean by the term half-life 3. Calculate how much of a sample remains after each half-life 4. Understand the 2 ways that transmutation reactions can occur

Nuclear Transformations Nuclear Stability and Decay Nuclear Transformations A force called the nuclear force is responsible for holding the nuclei of atoms together. It is stronger than the electromagnetic force over extremely short distances, so nuclei don’t fly apart (1.7fm) (1 femtometer = 1.0 x 10−15 meters or 0.000,000,000,000,001,7m). More than 1,500 different nuclei are known. Of those, only 264 are stable and do not decay or change with time. These nuclei are in a region called the band of stability.

Nuclear Transformations Nuclear Stability and Decay Nuclear Transformations

n → p + e Nuclear Transformations Nuclear Stability and Decay Nuclear Transformations A nucleus lying outside the band of stability will be unstable and decay into a more stable isotope The neutron-to-proton ratio determines the type of decay that occurs If a nucleus has too many neutrons, a neutron can change into a proton and a high energy electron (beta particle) is shot out of the nucleus. 1 n → p + e +1 -1

p + e → n p → n + e Nuclear Transformations Nuclear Stability and Decay Nuclear Transformations Other types of decay processes other than alpha emission and beta emission are: Electron capture: where an electron captured by a nucleus transforms a proton into a neutron. Positron emission: Where a proton in the nucleus changes into a neutron with the emission of a positively charged electron (positron). 1 p + e → n +1 -1 1 p → n + e +1

Nuclear Stability and Decay 25.2 Nuclear Stability and Decay Homework questions: Answer Questions 33-37 on page 821 of your text book for next day (use a periodic table to help identify products.)

Nuclear Transformations Half-Life Nuclear Transformations The rate of decay of an unstable radioisotope is measured by its half-life A half-life (t1/2) is the time required for one-half of the nuclei of a radioisotope sample to decay to products After each half-life, half of the existing radioactive atoms have decayed into atoms of a new element. Half-lives can range from fractions of a second to billions of years

Nuclear Transformations Half-Life Nuclear Transformations

Nuclear Transformations Half-Life Nuclear Transformations

25.2 Half-Life Uranium 238 decays through a series of unstable isotopes until it reaches the stable isotope of lead-206. Because of the long half live of uranium -238 its ratio to other isotopes in rocks can be used to date them. Uranium-238 decays through a complex series of radioactive intermediates, including radon (Rn) gas. Interpreting Diagrams What is the stable end product of this series? Stable Isotope

Nuclear Transformations Half-Life Nuclear Transformations The ratio of Carbon-14 to stable carbon in the remains of an organism changes in a predictable way that enables the archaeologist to obtain an estimate of its age. Carbon-14 dating (simple) Carbon-14 dating (detailed)

25.1

Homework: Questions 46, 50, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61 and 65 for Sample Problem 25.1 Practice Problem (page 806). Homework: Questions 46, 50, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61 and 65 On pages 882-883 of your Chemistry text book.

Transmutation Reactions The conversion of one atom of one element to a different element is called transmutation Transmutation can occur by: radioactive decay when particles bombard the nucleus of an atom. The first artificial transmutation reaction involved bombarding nitrogen gas with alpha particles.

25.1 Transmutation Reactions Nuclear Transformations The first artificial transmutation reaction involved bombarding nitrogen gas with alpha particles.

Nuclear Transformations Transmutation Reactions Nuclear Transformations Bombardment by alpha particle: 14   7 N + 4 2 He → 17   8 O + 1 1 H Ex. 1. 9   4 Be + 4 2 He → 12   6 C + 1 0 n Ex. 2. The elements in the periodic table with atomic numbers above 92, the atomic number of uranium, are called the transuranium elements. All transuranium elements undergo transmutation. None of the transuranium elements occur in nature, and all of them are radioactive. Transuranium elements are synthesized in nuclear reactors and nuclear accelerators.

25.2 Section Quiz. 1. During nuclear decay, if the atomic number decreases by one but the mass number is unchanged, the radiation emitted is a positron. an alpha particle. a neutron. a proton.

25.2 Section Quiz. 2. When potassium-40 (atomic number 19) decays into calcium-40 (atomic number 20), the process can be described as positron emission. alpha emission. beta emission. electron capture.

25.2 Section Quiz. 3. If there were 128 grams of radioactive material initially, what mass remains after four half-lives? 4 grams 16 grams 8 grams 32 grams

4. When transmutation occurs, the ________ always changes. 25.2 Section Quiz. 4. When transmutation occurs, the ________ always changes. number of electrons mass number atomic number number of neutrons

5. Transmutation occurs by radioactive decay and also by 25.2 Section Quiz 5. Transmutation occurs by radioactive decay and also by extreme heating. chemical reaction. high intensity electrical discharge. particle bombardment of the nucleus.

25.1 Vocabulary 2.3 Vocabulary 25.2 Vocabulary Radioactivity: process where materials give off high energy rays Radiation: name give to these penetrating rays and particles Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes that will decay into a different element Alpha particle: high energy helium nuclei containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons beta particle: high energy electron emitted from a nucleus Gamma particle: high energy electromagnetic radiation emitted from a nucleus 25.2 Vocabulary Nuclear force: attractive force acting between nuclear particles close together Band of stability: region of stable isotopes Positron: particle with the mass of an electron but a +1 charge Half-life: time taken for half of a radioisotope to decay Transmutation: conversion of an atom of one element to an atom of another Transuranium element: elements with atomic numbers above 92

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