Offshore Wind Opportunities and Challenges Greg Watson Massachusetts Technology Collaborative Capitol Hill Ocean Week Coastal States Organization June 13, 2006

The Need for Change … and Choice Global Population Growth Energy Consumption +50% by 2020 Fossil Reserves ? Environmental Impact? Alternatives ? Global Population Growth Energy Consumption +50% by 2020 Fossil Reserves ? Environmental Impact? Alternatives ?

Current State of Offshore Wind Countries6 Projects22 Turbines335 Capacity620 MW

160 MW Offshore Farm – Horns Rev, North Sea Offshore Projects (2004)

11,455 MW Proposed Offshore Through 2010

Proposed US Offshore Activity Cape Wind  420+ MW Nantucket Sound (Massachusetts) Long Island Power Authority  140MW off the coast of Jones Beach (New York) Winergy LLC  Applied for numerous permits along East Coast Southern  To determine if offshore wind power is a feasible renewable energy option for the Mid-Atlantic. The project concept is expected to include three to five wind turbines that could generate 10 megawatts of power,. Venice, Louisiana  Wind Energy Systems Technology and GT Energy have signed an agreement to develop up to 500 MW of offshore wind power in the Gulf of Mexico, utilizing decommissioned oil drilling platforms. Corpus Christi, Texas  Alternative Energy Institute and the General Land Office of Texas (GLO) teamed up to install a wind monitoring station on offshore oil platform.

Windy land is not always near load centers Grid is not set up for long interstate electric transmission Load centers are close to the ocean US Offshore Wind Resource Graphic Credit: Bruce Bailey AWS Truewind Why Go Offshore?

A $ Multi-B Industry over the Next 10 Years Remarkable Growth: 15-25% CAGR Cost of Electricity Approaching 5-6¢/kWh Higher Capacity Factors Less Turbulence and Turbine Fatigue Larger Machines Sited Near Load Centers Global Customer Base Favorable Incentives (RPS, PTC) What Does Industry See In Offshore Wind?

Exclusions 0 to 5 nm – 100% 5 to 20 nm – 67% 20 to 50 nm – 33% Accounts for avian, marine mammal, view shed, restricted habitats, shipping routes & other habitats. U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Resource Resource not yet assessed Region GW by Depth (m) Shallow Transitiona lDeep <900 New England Mid-Atlantic Great Lakes California Pacific Northwest Total

“…there may be, conservatively speaking, more than 100 gigawatts of capacity just off of New England” New England Offshore Wind Resource David Garman, Acting Under Secretary, U.S. DOE The Energy Daily, August 30, 2004

Mid-Atlantic Offshore Wind Resource

West Coast Offshore Wind Resource

US Continental Shelf

Other Factors Factors in the environment that can affect design, performance, or operation External Conditions most relevant to offshore wind turbines:  Wind  Waves  Ice Others: currents, temperature, salinity, marine growth, lightning

Offshore Wind Technology Challenges The Key Differences between onshore and offshore Hydro-dynamic loads + wind loads Highly corrosive salt-laden air Dehumidification required to prevent equipment deterioration Remote, difficult access - autonomous operation essential Visual aesthetics and noise pollution less problematic than on land Turbine lower % of costs offshore

Turbines

Wind Turbines Gearbox Epoxy-Glass Composite Blades Electrical Pitch Drives Transformer & Electrical Doubly-Fed Generator Main Shaft & Bearing Power Electronic Converter GE 1.5 MW 77 M Rotor Diameter M Tower 98% Availability Speed RPM Variable Pitch

Turbine Size

10 MW Turbine Concept 180 m rotor diameter Downwind 2 blade machine Flexible compliant blades Flow controlled blades High rpm/tip velocity > 100 m/s Gearless direct drive Space frame structure Multivariable damping controls 40 m water depth foundation Hurricane ride-thru capability Can we build it? Do the economics make sense?

Current Foundation Technology

Floating Platforms Potential for floating wind energy is going to depend whether the current cost disadvantages can be overcome by the development of innovative solutions to constructions and installation

Location: State/Federal Waters General Rule:  State Waters: up to 3 nautical miles  Federal Waters: > 3 nautical miles (Submerged Lands Act of 1953, 43 U.S.C et seq.)

Environmental Siting Concerns Migratory birds Endangered species Migratory bats Marine Mammals Fish Habitat Displacement

Economic Siting Issues Visual Impacts  Property Values  Tourism Commercial and recreational boating Commercial and recreational fishing Aviation/radar

Collaborative Approach Required to Develop Resource Offshore wind energy calls for a broad- based, focused, coordinated approach to planning, research and development, and policy development. Many Technology Needs Many Stakeholders

A principal focus is to broaden the wind resource potential through exploration of deep water and far offshore technologies. Goal: To overcome the barriers to generating and delivering electricity from U.S. offshore wind farms at a competitive cost by the beginning of the next decade. Offsh0re Wind Collaborative

Process Consult with key parties to identify key issues and obstacles to a sustainable offshore wind industry. Develop a Framework that identifies opportunities to take advantage of and barriers to overcome that will lead to successful offshore wind development in the US. Design a Organizational Development Plan that recommends the organizational structure, funding levels and sources, and human resources necessary to implement the Framework and realize its potential.

Collaborative Participants Government MMS - lead regulatory agency  Coast Guard and Army Corps of Engineers  EPA, NOAA, Fish and Wildlife Service Department of Energy State and Local Jurisdictions Industry Wind manufacturers and developers Offshore oil/gas, general marine Utility sector Research Community National Laboratories University and research institutes International liaison / coordination

Framework Developed Early 2004: Massachusetts Technology Collaborative, General Electric, DOE agreed to explore collaboration for development of U.S. offshore wind energy  Early pilot research  Developed “Framework document” based on broad stakeholder input Mid 2005: Framework released addresses challenges and outlines for action:  Technology Development  Environmental Compatibility  Economic and Financial Viability  Regulation and Governmental Policies  Leadership Coordination

Offshore Wind Collaborative (OWC) Expected Outcomes Expand viable resource base into deeper waters Expand ability to site beyond the horizon Inter-disciplinary, multi-sector partnerships to reduce cost Establish US technological & operational leadership Include wind as a part of the ocean management dialogue Develop industry in a way that improves our nation’s marine resources Stimulate Marine Industry Protect the Ocean and Environment

Greg Watson Massachusetts Technology Collaborative