Plant-animal interactions Co-evolution? Herbivory Plant defense Pollination Seed dispersal Interactions across the life cycle Conservation: butterflies/host plants Photos: Ricklefs (Economy of Nature), Bradshaw & Schemske, Kalko,

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TODAY: Seed dispersal Definitions and issues – Seeds, Fruits, Diaspores – Dispersal Syndromes Abiotic Biotic – Coevolution? – Dispersal Kernels Seeds -> Seedlings Example

SEEDS, FRUITS, DIASPORES Seeds : from ovules Fruits : from ovaries Diaspores : dispersal units

CLASSIC REFERENCES Sernander 1927, Ulbrich 1928 Ridley 1930 The Dispersal of Plants Throughout the World (700 pp) van der Pijl 1969 Principles of Dispersal in Higher Plants (153 pp) Archidendron vaillantii

DISPERSAL SYNDROMES (van der Pijl 1969) Biotic Saurochory: reptiles Epizoochory: animals Ornithochory: birds (plus mimetic deceit) Dyszoochory: mammals (scatter hoarding) Endozoochory: mammals (accidental vs intentional) Chiropterochory: bats Myrmecochory: ants Piscichory?: fishes Abiotic Anemochory: wind Hydrochory: water Autochory: ballistics + Barochory: gravity

DISPERSAL SYNDROMES (van der Pijl 1969) Saurochory: reptiles Epizoochory: animals Ornithochory: birds (plus mimetic deceit) Dyszoochory: mammals (scatter hoarding) Endozoochory: mammals (accidental vs intentional) Chiropterochory: bats Myrmecochory: ants Piscichory?: fishes color, odor, ground-level, hard skin, ancient waterfowl: hard seeds in mud others: barbed, spiny, viscid, burrs signaling color, protections against premature consumption & digestion, odorless, sugar or oil, no hard rind (birds do not have teeth), seeds exposed in/dangling from fruit hard capsules or hard seeds accidental: small, swallowed with vegetation intentional: color not needed, toxins against premature consumption & digestion, signaling odor, sugar or oil, hard rind OK (do have teeth), large seeds, presentation varies by animal group drab color, musty odor, large seeds, strongly attached, exposed outside foliage white oil-bearing elaiosome, dark hard seed, scattered in leaf litter, recent amazonian flood plain forests

CO-EVOLUTION? Syndromes as evidence that animals select on plant traits? Do plants select on animal traits? Extinct dispersers? Silva et al. 2007, Ch 26 in Seed Dispersal: Theory and its Application in a Changing World Fruit-frugivore network in Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Parque Estadual Intervales)

CO-EVOLUTION? Syndromes as evidence that animals select on plant traits? Do plants select on animal traits? Extinct dispersers? Loiselle et al. 2007, Ch 8 in Seed Dispersal: Theory and its Application in a Changing World No. of plant species in the diets of manakins in 2 tropical rainforests

CO-EVOLUTION? Syndromes as evidence that animals select on plant traits? Do plants select on animal traits? Extinct dispersers? Keystone plant species: Figs?

DISPERSAL KERNELS (probability of moving a certain distance during one time unit) Seed shadow Does it depend upon dispersing animal? Community context Community consequence “Shoebutton Ardisia” in S. Florida Horvitz, Koop &Erickson, unpublished

DISPERSAL KERNELS (probability of moving a certain distance during one time unit) Seed shadow Does it depend upon dispersing animal? Community context Community consequence Dispruption by exotic animal species From Fenner & Thompson 2005, Seed Dispersal

DISPERSAL KERNELS (probability of moving a certain distance during one time unit) Seed shadow Does it depend upon dispersing animal? Community context Community consequence Janzen-Connell: recruitment “niches” From Ricklefs, Economy of Nature Intense enemies under mothers Offspring need to escape Suitable recruitment sites away from mom (and others of same species)

TODAY: Seed dispersal Definitions and issues – Seeds, Fruits, Diaspores – Dispersal Syndromes Abiotic Biotic – Coevolution? – Dispersal Kernels Seeds -> Seedlings Example

The comparative life histories of ant- and bird- dispersed Marantaceae

Costa Rica Lowland neotropical wet forest

Dispersal biology: A set number of seeds (no. typically available to dispersers) was observed during 90 minutes ant-seed interactions in the leaf-litter during 524 trials total of 1440 seeds bird-seed interactions on the plants during 495 trials total of 2279 seeds

Pleiostachya pruinosa Calathea lasiostachya Calathea marantifolia Calathea inocephala Bird-dispersed species… Calathea lutea

Mionectes oleagineus Photo by D. Graham (Horvitz, C.C., M. A. Pizo, B. Bello y Bello, J. LeCorff and R. Dirzo, 2002)

Good and bad birds Gulpers Mashers

Calathea lutea

Tyrannidae undispersed Seed shadows of C. lutea differ by bird taxa

Calathea ovandensis Calathea micans Calathea cleistantha Ant-dispersed species

Aphaenogaster araneoides Photo by H. Kennedy (Horvitz, C.C., M. A. Pizo, B. Bello y Bello, J. LeCorff and R. Dirzo. 2002)

Good and bad ants Pick-up and remove seeds Take aril bits, but leave seed Odontomachus Solenopsis

cleistantha Calathea cleistantha

Seed shadows of C. cleistantha differ by ant taxa

An hypothesis: ant-dispersed species are less gap-dependent than bird-dispersed species

TODAY: Seed dispersal Definitions and issues – Seeds, Fruits, Diaspores – Dispersal Syndromes Abiotic Biotic – Coevolution? – Dispersal Kernels Seeds -> Seedlings A chimpanzee giving into the temptation to eat a fig in Kibale, as chimpanzees do very often. Photo credit: Alaine Houle /