RESTORATION THEORY OF SLEEP

5 MINUTES 1) According the RESTORATION THEORY, what is the function of SLEEP? 2) What did Adams and Oswald (1983) theorise? (What is REM sleep for?) What is SWS for?

This theory suggests that RESTORATION TO THE BODY, from damage caused during the day, OCCURS DURING SLEEP.

ADAM AND OSWALD (1983) They suggested NEW TISSUE GROWTH occurs during sleep.

It was suggested that; REM SLEEP – the brain restores itself SLOW WAVE SLEEP (stages 3 and 4) – the body restores itself.

5 MINUTES 3) Describe OSWALD (1969) and his research into patients with CNS damage and patients who have taken an overdose. 4) How does the sleep of NEWBORN BABIES support the theory that REM sleep is for GROWTH OF BRAIN TISSUE?

OSWALD (1969) Found in patients with damage to their CNS (spinal cord/brain) and patients who have taken an overdose (that may have damaged the brain) that they engaged in more REM sleep than normal subjects.

WAS THIS TO RESTORE THE BRAIN TISSUE DURING REM?

Newborn Babies They show 50% more REM sleep than adults. It is theorised that because the brain grows at such a rate during this stage, REM sleep is required for growth.

5 MINUTES 5) What effect does sleep have on our levels of NEUROTRANSMITTERS?

It is also suggested that sleep is an important way of CONSERVING NEUROTRANSMITTERS. What are NEUROTRANSMITTERS?

They are CHEMICAL MESSENGERS which carry ELECTRICAL SIGNALS from neuron to neuron. They are important to keep us alert and for our body to function.

As we go through the day, the amount of NEUROTRANSMITTERS in our bodies DECREASES. REM Sleep replenishes NEUROTRANSMITTERS for use during wakefulness

Oswald (1969) – 5 MINUTES What does OSWALD state happens during SLOW WAVE SLEEP (stages 3 and 4)?

SLOW WAVE SLEEP It is hypothesised this is necessary for RESTORATION of the BODY. During this stage of sleep GROWTH HORMONE is released. This stimulates PROTEIN SYNTHESIS i.e. Production of new body tissue.

HORNE (1988) – 5 MINUTES What did HORNE label SWS and REM sleep? Why does Horne state this sleep is important? What does HORNE label stages 1 and 3 of sleep?

HORNE (1988) Horne (1988) labelled SLOW WAVE SLEEP (SWS) and REM as ‘CORE SLEEP.’ He stated that during this stage, brain repairs for vital functioning.

Horne (1998) labelled NREM sleep as ‘OPTIONAL SLEEP’. He believed that the restoration that takes place during optional sleep can occur just as readily in WAKEFUL REST.

EVALUATION OF THEORY Shapiro et al (1981) Researcher marathon runners – slept for about an hour more for TWO NIGHTS. SWS increased – SUPPORT OR CONTRADICT THEORY? Horne and Minard (1985) – put participants through exhausting tasks – went to sleep quicker but did not sleep for longer.

WHAT IS BEING RESTORED? Theory says NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE INCREASED. Think about what you know about brain activity during sleep, especially REM. Would this be the case? Horne (1988) AMINO ACIDS (what make up proteins) are only available for 5 hours after a meal. Therefore do you think PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (making proteins) would be possible during sleep?

FFI MICHAEL CORKE

SLEEP DEPRIVATION STUDIES How would such studies add to the argument? PETER TRIPP RANDY GARDNER

Peter Tripp - RADIO DJ Stayed awake for 201 hours After 5 days – became AGGRESSIVE, started HALLUCINATING and showed PARANOIA. By the end his BODY TEMPERATURE and BRAIN WAVE ACTIVITY showed almost no difference to that of a SLEEPING STATE. After 24 hours sleep he reported feeling TOTALLY NORMAL.

RANDY GARDNER Student stayed awake for 260 hours (11 days) SHOWED NO PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS (like Tripp did) but after a lengthy sleep appeared totally normal. After 72 hours of sleep deprivation it appears individuals show period of MICRO-SLEEP while they are awake. EEG’s show micro sleep is the same as sleep.

A02 – RANDY GARDNER and PETER TRIPP? Case studies……(ELABORATE) Lack of control…….(ELABORATE) May have been experiencing MICRO- SLEEP…………(ELABORATE)

REM and DEPRESSION What is the purpose of REM according to the theory?

Studies into individuals with depression suggests LACK of REM SLEEP has positive consequences. WU ET AL (1999) – symptoms of depression are reduced in people DEPRIVED of REM.

DEPRIVATION OF REM. LAVIE ET AL (1984) 20 year old individual Head injured by shrapnel Experienced no REM No ill effects. He completed his education and practiced LAW.

DEPRIVATION OF SWS Studies have been done in either ; TOTAL SLEEP DEPRIVATON (deprived of SWS or REM) Or PARTIAL SLEEP DEPRIVATION (deprived of just one of the two – SWS OR REM)

Johnson et al (1974) Said there was no difference between partial sleep deprivation and total sleep deprivation. No difference in terms of performance or the subsequent time spent sleeping.