© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 Joseph R. Dominick University of Georgia-- Athens

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Part II Media

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Chapter 9 Motion Pictures  The Phi Phenomenon The Phi Phenomenon  Persistence of Vision Persistence of Vision  History of the Motion Picture History of the Motion Picture  Motion Pictures in the Digital Age Motion Pictures in the Digital Age  Defining Features of Motion Pictures Defining Features of Motion Pictures  Organization of the Film Industry Organization of the Film Industry  Ownership in the Film Industry Ownership in the Film Industry  Producing Motion Pictures Producing Motion Pictures  Economics Economics  Feedback Feedback  Cable and Video: The Hollywood Connection Cable and Video: The Hollywood Connection  The Film Industry The Film Industry Chapter Outline

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4   The phi phenomenon: consecutive light sources appear to be one source that moves The Phi Phenomenon

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Persistence of vision: seeing an image for a split second after it has disappeared. Persistence of Vision

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6  Early 19 th C Toys  Hand-drawn pictures  Thaumatrope  Praxinoscope  Muybridge’s Galloping Horse (1878)  24 cameras; 1 photo each History of the Motion Picture

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7  Edison and Dickson  Kinetoscope (1889)  Camera + viewing device  Used perforated film and sprocket mechanism  Kinetoscope parlors  Expected to sell devices to individuals  Competition from Europe prompts development of Vitascope for mass projection History of the Motion Picture

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8  Early Narrative Films  The Cabbage Fairy - Alice Guy Blache (1886)  A Trip to the Moon - Georges Méliès (1902)  The Great Train Robbery - Edwin S. Porter (1903)  Camera placement and editing  Nickelodeons  seats and 5 cent admission  Audience turnover demands new films History of the Motion Picture

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9  Zukor, Griffith, Johnson  Zukor imports 4-reel French film Queen Elizabeth  Birth of a Nation - D. W. Griffith (1915)  3 hours long  $110,000 to produce  The Realization of a Negro’s Ambition – George and Noble Johnson (1916) History of the Motion Picture

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10  Birth of the MPPC  Motion Picture Patents Company (1908)  Includes Edison  Attempts to restrict movie production and distribution  Independents fight back and eventually move to Hollywood  MPPC had lost power by 1917 History of the Motion Picture

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11  The Star System  Carl Laemmle and Florence Lawrence  Pulls audiences away from MPPC films  Promotes star competition  Charlie Chaplin  $150/week (1913)  $1 Million / 8 films (1917)  Mary Pickford  $20,000/week + 50% of profits by 1918  United Artists Studio (1919)  Strand (NY) and Egyptian Theater (Hollywood) History of the Motion Picture

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12  Consolidation and Growth  Economic pressures force consolidation  Zukor combines production and distribution  Paramount Pictures, then adds theaters  Loew (theater chain) purchases studio (which becomes MGM)  Block booking helps production companies History of the Motion Picture

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13  The Roaring 20s and The Coming of Sound  Post-war prosperity  Big profits, big salaries, big films, big budgets  Ben Hur made for $6 Million  Lifestyle excesses tempt government censorship  MPPDA heads off government control  The Jazz Singer (1927) is first film with sound History of the Motion Picture

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14  The Studio Years (1930 – 1950)  MGM  RKO  Universal  Columbia  Warner Brothers  20th Century Fox  Paramount  United Artists  Back lot sets; sound stages; talent “stables”  1948 Justice Department suits stop vertical control and block booking History of the Motion Picture  Significant Classics Gone with the WindThe Wizard of OzStagecoachCitizen Kane …

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15  Hollywood Reacts to TV  Restrictions  No advertising films on TV  No showing films on TV  No film stars on TV  Technical novelties  3-D  Cinerama and Cinemascope  “Spectacle” films such as Cleopatra  Adult themes such as adultery and homosexuality History of the Motion Picture

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 PG  Realignments:  Major studio power declines  Hollywood affiliates with TV  MPAA introduces film rating system G - PG - R – X  Movies made for TV (180 shown in 1974)  Revenue and budgets trending up since 1970  Rise of the blockbusters  Introduction of PG-13 (1985)  Replacement of X by NC-17 (1990) History of the Motion Picture

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17  Contemporary Film Trends  Attendance levels out  Ticket prices and profits higher  $: Video/DVD sales/rentals > box office  Seven firms dominate  Sony  Disney  Warner Brothers  Fox  MGM  Universal  Paramount  Concern about “Napsterization” History of the Motion Picture

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18  Digital production  Complete films – filmed or generated  Special effects generation  Computer generated characters  Coordinated production of video games  Digital distribution  No film copying costs  Electronic distribution is faster and cheaper Motion Pictures in the Digital Age

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19  Digital projection  Expensive projectors  Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI)  Landmark’s digital projection initiative  Preventing Piracy  Illegal tapings of screenings  Advance copies  Copy protection  Digital Millennium Copyright Act  Movielink Motion Pictures in the Digital Age

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20  Expensive  Dominated by big conglomerates  Strong aesthetic dimension  A “social experience” Defining Features of Motion Pictures

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21  Production  A variety of groups and individuals  Seven major studios: each films/year  Story development, casting, art, makeup, sets  Distribution  Supplying prints to theaters, TV networks, and videocassette/videodisc makers  Advantage of worldwide distribution networks  Financing of independent producers Organization of the Film Industry

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22  Exhibition  37,400 movie screens in 2000 (USA)  35,200 in 2002  Multiplex theaters  screens  Single concession stand  patrons Organization of the Film Industry

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23  Top seven owners (2004) 1)The Walt Disney Company (Touchstone and Buena Vista) 2)Time Warner(Warner Brothers) 3)Paramount (Viacom)(CBS, Infinity) 4)Sony(Sony Pictures Entertainment) 5)NBC Universal(GE, NBC) 6)News Corporation(20th Century Fox) 7)MGM/UA(MGM and United Artists) Ownership in the Film Industry

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 24  Preproduction  Idea: plot outline, novel, Broadway play  Write the screen play: treatment, script drafts, final polish  Producer: Talent search  Producer: Financial backing  Producer: Director and camera crew  Producer and Director: studio and location scouting, and scheduling Producing Motion Pictures

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 25  Production  Shooting the film  $400,000 - $500,000 per day  Average schedule: 70 days  2 minutes usable film per shooting day  Postproduction  Editing  Special effects  Postproduction sound  Release print Producing Motion Pictures

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 26  Film revenue sources  DVD/cassette rental and sales  Domestic box office  Foreign box office  Cable  Broadcast TV  Pay-per-view  Airline showings  Hotel channels Economics

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 27  Financing a Film $Direct loan from distributor $Pickup – buy finished film later for set price $Limited partnership with liability limitations $Joint venture  Producer and distributor agree on dividing gross receipts  Film must earn 2½ - 3 times production cost to show profit Economics

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 28  Dealing with the Exhibitor  Exhibition license specifies:  Run of the film  Holdover rights  Date available for showing  Financial terms  Split percentage (50/50…60/40…….70/30…)  Sliding scale  deal: nut, air, then 90/10  Concessions: 90 percent of theater profit Economics

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 29  Promoting a Film  First three days are critical  Common promotion strategies  Pre-opening media blitz  Trailers in a theater’s “Coming Attractions”  Internet exposure using trailers and sound scores  Internet ads on portals and ticket sites Economics

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 30  Film companies develop feedback using:  Box-office figures monitored by trade publications including Variety  Market research  Concept testing  Script analysis  Test screenings of a rough cut  Focus groups Feedback

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 31 Feedback [Insert Figure 9-1 here] Figure 9-1 Variety Box-Office Revenue Chart

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 32 Feedback [Insert Figure 9-2 here] Figure 9-2 Average Weekly Film Attendance in the United States

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 33  Home video – Hollywood’s biggest revenue source  DVD/tape sales + rentals: $20 billion (2000)  6M rent films daily; 12M go to theater  40% of US homes have DVD player  Pay-Per-View  (30 million homes)  Licensing revenue from premium cable channels  HBO  Showtime  Cinemax Cable and Video: The Hollywood Connection

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 34  Getting Experience  Making films independently  Courses of study in film  750 colleges and universities with courses  227 with bachelor’s degrees  Full range of cinematography: equipment, film, history, art, aesthetics, projects The Film Industry

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 35  Entry Level  Interview  Know somebody  Get noticed in internships and training courses  Persistent presentation of resume to companies  Take practically any job to start The Film Industry

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 36  Upward Mobility  Editing room workers tend to stay there  Production Assistants  Assistant Directors  Director  Producer  Distribution or sales  management The Film Industry