Anatomy and Physiology Review Jennifer Hayes-Klosteridis University of Maryland, Baltimore
Key Point for Nursing school Homeostasis
Review of Key Topics Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiac Cycle Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)
The Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System First neurons are within the CNS and extend axons to the second neuron (outside CNS) Synapse of first and second = ganglion Ganglion can be near or far away from CNS
Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System First neurons from cranial nerves (II, VII, IX, X) and sacral region (S2, S3, S4) of CNS (craniosacral outflow) First neuron axons = parasympathetic preganglionic nerves Second neuron axons = parasympathetic post ganglionic nerves parasympathetic preganglionic nerves secrete Acetylcholine (ACH) parasympathetic postganglionic nerves secrete Acetylcholine (ACH) Acetylcholine binds to nicotinic (ANS ganglia and neuromuscular junction) and muscarinic receptors (heart, smooth muscle, glands) Inhibitory (rest and digest) Parasympathetic Nervous System First neurons from thoracic and lumbar regions of CNS (Thoracolumbar outflow) First neuron axons = sympathetic preganglionic nerves Second neuron axons = sympathetic post ganglionic nerves sympathetic preganglionic nerves secrete Acetylcholine (ACH) Sympathetic postganglionic nerves secrete noradrenaline and adrenaline Noradrenaline binds to (α 1 ) and (β 1 ) adrenergic receptors Adrenaline binds to (α 1 ) and (β 2 and β 1 ) adrenergic receptors Excitatory (fight or flight)
Autonomic Nervous System- Important Point Pharmaceutical agents work by blocking (antagonist) or stimulating (agonist) ANS receptors
Autonomic Nervous System: Actions Sympathetic Nervous System Decreases heart rate Bronchiolar constriction Stimulates salivary glands Stimulates nasal, lacrimal, gastric and pancreatic secretory activity Increases gastric motility Causes constriction of bladder’s detrusor muscle and relaxation of urethral sphincter Parasympathetic Nervous System Increases heart rate and contractility (β 1 ) Blood vessel constriction (α 1 ) Skin, digestive viscera, kidneys Blood vessel dilation (β 2 ) Coronary, skeletal muscle, liver Bronchiolar dilation (β 2 ) Stimulates kidneys to release renin (β 1 ) Stimulates sweat glands
Endocrine System: Overview Network of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream
Endocrine System: Major Organs and Hormones
Endocrine System: Feedback Loops
Endocrine and Nervous System: working together
Autonomic Nervous System Electrical signal Fast response Short duration Endocrine System Chemical signal Slower response Longer duration Endocrine and Nervous System: working together
The Cardiac Cycle
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)