RANKING FLAMMABILITY OF AIRCRAFT MATERIALS USING MICROSCALE COMBUSTION CALORIMETRY Richard E. Lyon and Richard N. Walters* Fire Safety Branch AAR-440 FAA.

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Presentation transcript:

RANKING FLAMMABILITY OF AIRCRAFT MATERIALS USING MICROSCALE COMBUSTION CALORIMETRY Richard E. Lyon and Richard N. Walters* Fire Safety Branch AAR-440 FAA W.J. Hughes Technical Center Atlantic City International Airport, NJ *Galaxy Scientific Corporation, Egg Harbor Township, NJ International Aircraft Materials Fire Test Working Group Trump Taj Mahal Casino, Atlantic City, NJ March 1-2, 2005 WEB:

RANKING FLAMMABILITY USING SMALL SCALE TEST OUTLINE OF TALK Flammability Ignition Resistance (0 , 90 , 60 ,45  Bunsen burner) Fire Behavior (OSU, seat cushion test, radiant panel) Microscale Combustion Calorimetry Operation and Theory Comparison of Results for Hidden Materials Heat Release Rate (OSU) Bunsen Burner tests Smoke Density Radiant Panel 1/4-scale tests

FAA FLAMMABILITY TESTS Seat Cushion Oil Burner Test Radiant Panel Test OSU HRR Test Bunsen Burner Tests

SCALES OF FLAMMABILITY TESTING SAMPLE SIZE Flame Tests Fire Tests Bench-ScaleComponent-Scale Microscale Combustion Calorimetry Kilogram Metric TonGramMilligram

STEADY BURNING: Nylon 6 data PA6 External Heat Flux, kW/m 2 HRP Slopes = HRP Intercepts = HRR 0 HRR 0 (kW/m 2 ) Heat Release Rate, kW/m 2 Ignitability Fire Response HRR = HRP q  net = HRR 0 + HRP q  ext..

V0 V1 V2 HB UL 94 Rating HRR 0, kW/m 2 (in cone calorimeter) Self-PropagatingSelf-Extinguishing IGNITABILITY: UL 94 vs. HRR 0 41 polymers, blends, and composites.

HEAT RELEASE RATE AND HEAT RELEAE CAPACITY The Heat Release Capacity (HRC), is related to the heat release rate (HRR) in flaming combustion Peak HRR, kW/m 2 2 Heat Release Capacity, J/g-K R = 0.93 PVC PEI PPS POM PET PVDF PC PMMA ABS PA66 HIPS PP HDPE 50 kW/m 2 FEP HRR = (  ) HRC  HRC  = Flaming combustion efficiency  = Density  = Pyrolysis depth  = Surface heating rate

HEAT RELEASE CAPACITY AND FLAMMABILITY HRR 0  HRR* = HRC* HEAT RELEASE RATE IGNITABILITY HRR  HRC* Self extinguishing when: For a particular heat flux (e.g., 3.5 W/cm 2 ):

MEASURING HEAT RELEASE CAPACITY Flaming Combustion Pyrolysis-Combustion Flow Calorimetry (PCFC) Exhaust DAQ O2O2 Pyrolysis Combustion Sample Gas Scrubber Gas Flow- meter O 2 Meter N2N2

FLAMMABILITY TESTING OF MILLIGRAM SAMPLES Stand Alone Device FAA/Galaxy Invention TGA Combustion Accessory

HEAT RELEASE CAPACITY FROM PCFC 260 W/g  = 1 K/s

Heat Release Rate (W/g) Temperature (°C) PCFC DATA & FIRE TESTS OSU HRR Bunsen Burner Ignition Radiant Panel Oil Burner Seat Test Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter Setchkins Furnace Glow Wire Ignition Relevant FAA Flammability Test Burning Rate Heat of Combustion Ignition Temperature PMMA Combustion Calorimetry Data

IGNITION RESISTANCE (UL 94) AND HRC ,000 HB V2 V1 V0 Heat Release Capacity, J/g-K UL 94 Rating Halogen containing Flammability

IGNITION RESISTANCE (LOI) AND HRC Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI), %O 2 Heat Release Capacity, J/g-K 10,000 Halogen containing

12 SECOND VERTICAL BURN TEST AND HRC Burn Length (cm) Burn Time (seconds) HRC (J/g-K) Hidden Materials

Engineering Plastics Commodity Plastics Hidden Area Components HEAT RELEASE PARAMETER HRC (J/g-K) FIRE (HRP) AND MATERIAL (HRC) PROPERTIES HRP = HRC  q  net   cpcp Slope should be relatively constant for plastics for well-ventilated burning

OSU Peak HRR, kW/m 2 Heat Release Capacity, J/g-K R = 0.72 Engineering Thermoplastics (0.060 inch sheet) HRR (OSU PEAK) AND HRC

Smoke Density, D s HRC (J/g-K) NBS SMOKE DENSITY AND HRC Hidden Materials

BURN TIME, seconds HRC (J/g-K) RADIANT PANEL TEST AND HRC Hidden Materials

TEMPERATURE RISE AND HRC OF INSULATION BAGS PVF1 (120 J/g-K) PUF block, Baseline MPET (262 J/g-K) PI-O (47 J/g-K) PET1 (138 J/g-K) PET3 (250 J/g-K) PET00 (155 J/g-K) INTERMEDIATE SCALE TEST AND HRC

Metalized Mylar Bag Hook & Loop (married) Cockpit Headliner GRP Duct Plastic Conduit Ceiling Panel (back) Flexside Duct Ceiling Panel (face) Silicone Rubber Foam Core Duct SwissAir 111 Database HRC (J/g-K) HIDDEN MATERIALS: Accident Investigation Pass OSU HRR Pass Bunsen Burner FLAMMABLEFLAMMABLE

Flammability (J/g-K) PP PE PS PET ABS PMMA Epoxy POM NYLON 66 PC PPO PU Polyarylate PPSF PPS PES PEI LCP's PAI PEK PEEK Price of Plastic ($/lb) Phenolic (KAPTON) PI PVF (TEDLAR) Specialty Plastics Polysulfone PVC (rigid) FAA Research Plastics Common Plastics Current Aircraft FAA Goal FLAMMABILITY (HRC) RANKING BY COST Resin Plastic Flammable

CONCLUSIONS Heat release capacity HRC is a qualitative predictor of fire performance and flammability of aircraft materials Swelling, dripping, and barrier formation influence flame/fire tests but do not effect HRC.