3D Cadastre – Dream or Reality? Nick Land

Context

20 Years

Cadastral Trends Security of tenure (ownership) Support for land markets (value) Sustainable development (use) Rights and restrictions Efficient & effective land administration Extending the use & value of the cadastre

Why do we need a 3D cadastre? Address the trends in cadastre Urbanisation Complexity of structures & related rights On & above ground Sub-surface

Not a new concept

No ‘true’ 3D cadastres exist Register volumes in land (public) registers, but not included in cadastral map Register only a subset of objects Apartment blocks Utilities Register new constructions only No widely accepted definition of 3D cadastre

Definition (FIG) A 3D parcel is defined as the spatial unit against which (one or more) unique and homogeneous rights (e.g. ownership right or land use right), responsibilities or restrictions (RRRs) are associated to the whole entity Homogeneous = the same combination of rights equally apply within the whole 3D spatial unit Unique = the largest spatial unit for which this is true

How to Implement? GIS Technology

GIS Functionality Continues to Improve Mapping & Editing Imagery LiDAR Mobile Cloud Apps 3-D 4-D & Real Time

ArcGIS is a 3D GIS Collect Manage & Analyze Visualise Share Visualize, manage, analyze and share your geospatial data in 3D 3D Analyst extends ArcGIS to be a fully functioning 3D GIS system – view, manage, analyze and share 3D GIS data. It allows you to: View huge volumes of 3D GIS data in a global view using ArcGlobe, or view site-level data in a local coordinate system using ArcScene Manage 3D GIS data by editing features directly inside ArcGlobe or ArcScene, and add 3D components to 2D data through geoprocessing tools (create/store 3D data) Analyze GIS data in three dimensions using geoprocessing tools, and use interactive tools (such as the 3D Measure tool) in a 3D view Share 3D views of GIS data by publishing Globe Services (with links to live HTML content), and share 3D analytical tools through geoprocessing services. Or you can create high quality video animations and screen captures.

3D Data types in the Geodatabase Vector feature classes with X,Y,Z geometry 3D Points 3D Lines 3D Polygons Elevation grid rasters (DTM/DEM) Terrains (TIN, Point cloud, surface) Mosaics of LAS LiDAR datasets Multipatch (volumetric bodies)

Introducing Multipatch A geodatabase feature type for 3D objects. Collection of triangles, triangle strips, triangle fans, and rings Stores texture image, colour, transparency, and lighting vector information within the geometry

Triangles & Rings Basic units are 3D triangles and 3D rings (polygons)

Triangle Strips & Fans Efficient storage of sets of triangles Triangle Fans

Collections can be complex A single composite multipatch can contain multiple patches of varying types

Textures can be applied Two rings and one triangle strip Different textures for roof, floor and walls

3D Cadastre

Concepts of 3D Cadastre Full 3D cadastre 3D tagging Hybrid 3D Cadastre 4D Cadastre – Time as the fourth dimension 1. Full 3D cadastral registration, where all space is subdivided into volumes with associated measurements and legal definitions and maintained as such 2. A hybrid solution, where all the cadastral layouts are maintained in a 2D space with associated measurements and legal definitions and established relationships to 3D physical objects 3. 3D tagging, where all cadastral layouts are maintained in 2D with associated measurements and legal definitions and external references are made to the 3D data.

The hybrid solution – All in one database Supports the identification of a land unit Supports boundary definitions Supports and maintains topological relationships Allows maintenance in both 2D and 3D Allows display of complex spatial relationships Allows spatial analysis Allows maintenance of other types of objects 2D 3D Survey network Data Maintenance Identification Spatial relationships Boundary Definition Spatial analysis Spatial analysis Data Maintenance Identification

3D Cadastre – Hybrid Solution 2D Parcels; 3D Objects Legal & Physical Objects – Above & below ground

3D Cadastre Visualisation

3D Cadastre Spatial Analysis e.g for objective, market valuation

Esri’s 3D Urban Information Model Simplifies the creation, maintenance and usage of 3D cities Built Environment Buildings & Building Interiors Transport & Utility Networks Installations Trees Legal Environment 3D Zoning 3D Land Ownership Natural Environment Land Cover Atmosphere Geology Template for download To be released in the fall of 2012

2D to 3D: Data Collection Photogrammetric data collection direct into ArcGIS

2D to 3D: Add Heights to 2D Building Footprints Point clouds from aerial LiDAR … … and from new sources like oblique imagery stereomatching LiDAR point cloud Geoprocessing to extrude footprints Best practice 3D workflows, example models and sample data, available at http://resources.arcgis.com/en/communities/city-engine/, and at http://resources.arcgis.com/en/communities/3d/.

2D to 3D: Procedural modeling 3D model creation using rules / algorithms Base geometry Procedural rules What is procedural modeling? Procedural or grammar-based modeling starts with a base geometry or shape. The idea is to define rules that iteratively refine a design by creating more and more detail. Geometrically speaking, these shapes are simply polygons. They can be generated within the CityEngine or imported from external sources for example building lots or, footprints. It this rule example, we have a start rule called lot which acts on the initial selected shape: Extrude the lot by the height Split the 3D extruded shape into components: sides and top Create a gable roof for the top component using the roof rule Split the side components using the façade rule And so on You can imagine that it is possible to create quite complex shapes using this method of iterative refinement, creating more and more detail Base geometry Iterative refinement Final 3D model iteratively refine a design by creating more and more detail

3D models: CityEngine – WebScene http://www.arcgis.com/apps/CEWebViewer/viewer.html?3dWebScene=9c0e319bfaff4d33a0fe2da97c2c3fd7

Analyze Maximum visible building height Skyline analysis 3D routing City planners can analyze their 3D city model and determine impact of newly proposed projects on the city environment. Analyze visibility. Not see (visualize) what is going to look like but analyze the visibility - Calculate maximum building limits based on visibility restrictions - Calculate buildable volumes based on visibility restrictions - Analyze the effects of a new proposal on the city skyline. - Analyze the shadow/glare effects of proposed buildings: - solve 3D network / routing problems in complex buildings (petrochemical, nuclear industry) through 3D routing. Security camera coverage Volumetric Shadows Volumetric Glare

Share WebGIS Post to ArcGIS.com Mobile 3D Publish Virtual Cities as 3D services KML Post to ArcGIS.com CityEngine Web Scenes Share/present data and analysis results in 3D to get a better understanding of the problem/solution by the audience. 3D presentation are more easily understood by the public Share 3D views of GIS data by publishing Globe Services to AGOL (with links to live HTML content), and share 3D analytical tools through geoprocessing services Share video animations Share high resolution screen capture Create screenshots Mobile 3D Export video animations

Extending use of Cadastre Urban planners / Emergency Response / Public safety Rotterdam City of Portland Singapore Masdar city Brisbane Philadelphia Sydney Pasadena

Other (non-technical) considerations Legal Institutional Needs Costs and benefits

Conclusions Today’s GIS technology allows us to: Model the world in 3D Collect, manage, edit, visualise, analyse & share 3D models Hybrid 2D/3D Cadastre offers cost effective solution The bigger questions are: What are the ‘real’ needs? Are the costs justified by the benefits? What changes are required to the legislation?

For more information: FIG Com. 3 & 7 Working Group on 3D Cadastre http://www.gdmc.nl/3DCadastres/ www.esri.com Nick Land: nland@esri.com

Links – City Engine The live CityEngine web scene in the browser of Esri HQ: http://www.arcgis.com/apps/CEWebViewer/viewer.html?3d WebScene=9c0e319bfaff4d33a0fe2da97c2c3fd7 Downtown Redlands is at: http://www.arcgis.com/apps/CEWebViewer/viewer.html?3d WebScene=69e86e856b4845189d1d5de3101d8503   And if you go to ArcGIS.com and search for content as CityEngine Web Scene, there are several others.