VISUALIZIN G Prepared By: Dawn More, Algonquin College

Chapter 14: Therapy Media Enhanced PowerPoint  Presentation Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd 2

Lecture Overview Insight Therapies Behaviour Therapies Medical Therapies Therapy Essentials Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd3

Insight Therapies Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd4 1.Describe the core treatment techniques in psychoanalysis and modern psychodynamic treatments. 2.Explain the principles underlying cognitive therapies. 3.Summarize the four key qualities of communication in Rogerian therapy. 4.Identify several benefits of group therapy. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

Therapy Psychotherapy: techniques employed to improve psychological functioning and promote adjustment to life Three major approaches to therapy: – Insight (personal understanding) – Behaviour (maladaptive behaviours) – Biomedical (mental illness and medical treatments, such as drugs) Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd5

Four Major Forms of Insight Therapy Psychoanalysis/psychodynamic Cognitive Humanistic Group, Family, and Marital Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd6

Insight Therapies: Psychoanalysis/ Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis: Freudian therapy designed to bring unconscious conflicts into consciousness 7 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Psychoanalysis/ Psychodynamic Five major techniques of psychoanalysis: 1.Free association 2.Dream analysis 3.Analyzing resistance 4.Analyzing transference 5.Interpretation Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd8

Psychoanalysis/ Psychodynamic Evaluation of psychoanalysis: limited applicability and lack of scientific credibility Psychodynamic Therapy: brief, more directive, and more modern form of psychoanalysis that focuses on conscious processes and current problems Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd9

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.Psychoanalysis is designed to bring unconscious conflicts into _____. 2.What are the five major techniques of psychoanalysis? Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd10

Insight Therapies: Cognitive Cognitive Therapy: focuses on faulty thinking and beliefs – Improvement comes from insight into negative self-talk (unrealistic things a person has been telling himself or herself) – Cognitive Restructuring: process of changing destructive thoughts or inappropriate interpretations Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd11

Insight Therapies: Cognitive Two Major Cognitive Therapies: 1.Albert Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) 2.Aaron Beck’s Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd12

Insight Therapies: Cognitive Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT): eliminates self-defeating beliefs through rational examination Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd13

Insight Therapies: Cognitive Beck’s Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy: confronts and changes behaviours associated with destructive cognitions Depressive thinking patterns: – selective perception – overgeneralization – magnification – all-or-nothing thinking Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd14

Insight Therapies: Cognitive Evaluation of cognitive therapy Pro: Considerable success with a range of problems Con: Criticized for overemphasizing rationality, ignoring unconscious dynamics, minimizing importance of the past, etc. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd15

Insight Therapies: Humanistic Humanistic therapy: maximizes personal growth through affective restructuring (emotional readjustment) Key assumption: People with problems are suffering from a blockage or disruption of their normal growth potential, which leads to a defective self-concept. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd16

Insight Therapies: Humanistic Rogers’s Client-Centered Therapy: emphasizes client’s natural tendency to become healthy and productive Techniques include: – empathy – unconditional positive regard – genuineness – active listening Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd17

Insight Therapies: Humanistic Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd18

Insight Therapies: Humanistic Evaluation of humanistic therapy – Pro: Evidence for success – Con: Basic tenets, such as self-actualization, difficult to test scientifically Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd19

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.How does Ellis’s approach to therapy differ from Beck’s? 2.What is the core difference between cognitive therapy and humanistic therapy? Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd20

Insight Therapies: Group, Family, and Marital Therapies Group Therapy: a number of people meet together to work toward therapeutic goals Family and Marital Therapies: work to change maladaptive family and couple interaction patterns Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd21

Behaviour Therapies Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd22 1.Identify a key difference between these two classical conditioning techniques: systematic desensitization and aversion therapy. 2.Explore how operant conditioning can be used in therapy. 3.Summarize how modelling therapy works. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

Behaviour Therapies Behaviour Therapy: group of techniques based on learning principles used to change maladaptive behaviours Three foundations of behaviour therapy: – classical conditioning – operant conditioning – observational learning Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd23

Behaviour Therapies: Classical Conditioning Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd24

Behaviour Therapies: Classical Conditioning Systematic Desensitization: gradual process of extinguishing a learned fear (or phobia) by working through a hierarchy of fearful stimuli while remaining relaxed Aversion Therapy: pairing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus with a maladaptive behaviour. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd25

Behaviour Therapies: Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning techniques used to increase adaptive behaviours: – Shaping: successive approximations of target behaviour are rewarded; includes role- playing, behaviour rehearsal, assertiveness training – Tokens: symbolic rewards used to immediately reinforce desired behaviour Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd26

Behaviour Therapies: Observational Learning Modelling: watching and imitating models that demonstrate desirable behaviours Participant Modelling: combining live modelling with direct and gradual practice Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd27

Behaviour Therapies Evaluation of behaviour therapies: – Pro: Strong evidence for success with a wide range of problems – Con: Questioned and criticized for generalizability and ethics Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd28

Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Which form of insight therapy do you personally find most appealing? Least appealing? Why? Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd29

Biomedical Therapies Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd30 1.Identify the major types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. 2.Explain what happens in electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery. 3.Describe the risks associated with biomedical therapies. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

Biomedical Therapies Biomedical Therapy: uses physiological interventions, such as drugs, to reduce or alleviate symptoms of psychological disorders Three forms of biomedical therapy: – Psychopharmacology – Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) – Psychosurgery Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd31

Biomedical Therapies: Psychopharmacology Four major categories of drugs: – Antianxiety (increases relaxation, reduces anxiety and muscle tension) – Antipsychotic (treats hallucinations and other symptoms of psychosis) – Mood Stabilizer (treats manic episodes and depression) – Antidepressant (treats symptoms of depression) Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd32

Biomedical Therapies: Psychopharmacology Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd33

Biomedical Therapies Electroconvulsive Therapy: based on passing electrical current through the brain and used when other methods have not been successful Psychosurgery: operative procedures on the brain designed to relieve severe mental symptoms that have not responded to other forms of treatment 34 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Biomedical Therapies Evaluation of biomedical therapies: – Pros: Drugs: improved functioning for previously difficult to treat conditions ECT & Psychosurgery: useful for those with severe conditions – Cons: Drugs: seldom provide cures; may lead to physical dependence; side-effects; overuse ECT: creates massive changes in the brain Psychosurgery: potentially fatal complications; irreversible Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd35

Therapy Essentials Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd36 1.Summarize the goals that are common to all major forms of psychotherapy. 2.Describe some key cross-cultural similarities and differences in therapy. 3.Explain why therapists need to be sensitive to gender issues that pertain to mental illness. 4.Explore some alternatives to long-term institutionalization for people with severe psychological disorders. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

Therapy Essentials: Five Common Goals Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd37

Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Today many people seek advice and therapy from online, tele-health, counsellors. What do you think? Would you use an online counsellor? Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd38

Therapy Essentials: Evaluating and Finding Therapy 40 to 90% who receive therapy are better off than people who do not Guidelines for Finding a Therapist: – Take time to “shop around” – If in a crisis, call 24-hour hotlines or college counselling centres. – If others’ problems affect you, get help yourself Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd39

Therapy Essentials: Gender and Cultural Diversity Cultural similarities in therapy: – naming a problem – qualities of the therapist – establishing credibility – placing the problems in a familiar framework – applying techniques to bring relief – a special time and place Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd40

Therapy Essentials: Gender and Cultural Diversity Cultural differences: – Therapies in individualistic cultures emphasize independence, the self, and control over one’s life. – Therapies in collectivist cultures emphasize interdependence. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd41

Therapy Essentials: Gender and Cultural Diversity Key considerations for women and therapy: 1.higher rate of diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders 2.stresses of poverty 3.stresses of multiple roles 4.stresses of aging 5.violence against women Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd42

Therapy Essentials: Institutionalization Deinstitutionalization: discharging as many people as possible from mental hospitals and discouraging admissions – Community services centres work to cope with the problems of deinstitutionalization Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd43

Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking How has reading Chapter 14, or viewing these PowerPoint slides, changed your attitude about therapy for yourself or others? Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd44

Multimedia Psychotherapy Facts What exactly is therapy? Cognitive Behavioral Therapy While neuroscientists look for the cause of schizophrenia in the brain, psychologists are looking for ways other than medication to help people make sense of and deal with the voices they hear. 9/11 PTSD Therapy We know them as heroes, but many of the first- responders who survived 9/11 felt far from heroic. Anxiety Disorders Treatments Schizophrenia Treatment Bipolar Disorder Treatment Depression Treatment How psychopharmacology training is enhancing some psychology practices Psychologists who've undergone psychopharmacology training say the education is enhancing their effectiveness, even though prescription privileges for psychologists are still in the works. Medication and Drug Guide Psychotropic Medication Guide Therapy Online The world's leading professionals in secure, ethical online counselling Theravive Counseling & Therapy For Living- Return to Freedom. Code of Ethics Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association Curing Practices It is common for people around the world to assume that their medical system can actually cure people while other systems cannot. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd Web Links 45

Multimedia Curing Practices It is common for people around the world to assume that their medical system can actually cure people while other systems cannot. Psychology takes a tenuous hold in Pakistan To better serve their mostly Muslim clientele, Pakistani psychologists blend principles from Islam and Western psychology in their practice. Cultural worlds intersect Researchers study the psychological effects of Asian Americans' position between two cultural identities. Deinstitutionalization and closing institutions in Canada In the late 1970s and 1980s, governments in the Western world were being challenged by the disability rights movement to close institutions, large facilities, and psychiatric hospitals. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd Web Links 46

Multimedia Exercise and Depression: aka Ride the Blues Away (1:26) An estimated 19 million Americans experience depression in any given year. Imaging Antidepressant Accuracy (1:26) A simple one-hour brain scan could predict who will respond to an antidepressant and who will not. Placebo Effect (1:36) Why do some people get better with just lots of love, fresh air and a sugar pill—at least for a while? Buzzed Brain (1:23) Of all the addictions, some scientists say addiction to alcohol is one of the most powerful. Brian Viagra Part 2 (1:39) There’s a huge market for substances that claim to boost memory, but when can we expect drugs designed and proven to do that? Post Trauma Drugs – (Post-Stress Drugs) (1:09) Some of the soldiers who fought in Iraq will return home with a wound that cannot be seen: Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder. Smoking, Stress and Gender (1:39) People trying to quit smoking often fail because of stress. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd47 Videos

Multimedia Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Everyone feels sad, lonely, angry or anxious at times. Sometimes, we can cope with these feelings relatively easily. But at other times, life’s stress can become overwhelming. At these times, many people find it useful to seek professional help. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd Animations 48

Copyright Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Access Copyright (The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency) is unlawful. Requests for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his or her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The author and the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein. 49