Small Wind Systems: Clean Energy for New Jersey Homes, Farms, and Businesses Mike Bergey Bergey Windpower Co.

Bergey Windpower Co. Bergey Windpower Co. A World Leader in Small Wind  BWC Established in 1977 (sole survivor from “energy crisis”)  Serve Consumer, Commercial, and Industrial Markets  Installations in All 50 U.S. States and Over 90 Countries  400 U.S. and 300 foreign dealers  World’s leading supplier of residential wind turbines  Subsidiary in China (Beijing Bergey Windpower Ltd.)

Residential Montana Health Clinic Afghanistan Farm New York Military Atlantic Ocean

New Jersey Installations 10 kW, Farm, Chesterfield, NJ 10 kW, Liberty Science Center Jersey City, NJ

Awaiting the 3 rd Coming of Small Wind 1 st Coming: Mechanical Windmills: 1890 – 1930 (and lingering still today) Aermotor Windmill Factory at 110 S. Jefferson, Chicago, ~ 1895 (3.4 miles from here) Ida Noyes Hall, Univ. of Chicago. Built by LaVerrne Noyes, President of Aermotor Windmill

Awaiting the 3 rd Coming of Small Wind 2 nd Coming: Pre-REA Electrification: 1920 – 1950 (and resurgent today on a limited basis) Jacobs Wind Electric Zenith Farm Radio and Wincharger Paris-Dunn

Awaiting the 3 rd Coming of Small Wind 3 rd Coming False-Start No. 1: Oil Crisis: Popular Science, July rd Coming False-Start No. 2: Village Electrification, Today Small Wind Turbines in China

People Want Energy Alternatives Coal is too dirty, natural gas is too volatile, and consumers feel trapped

“Please give me something that will lower my electric bills, will help the environment, and that I can afford” Fuel Cells: Not a source of energy! Wind Solar-PV Solar- Thermal

Clean Distributed Generation Clean Distributed Generation Renewables for Homes, Farms, and Businesses PhotovoltaicsSolar ThermalSmall Wind Installed Cost$ 9 / Watt$ 15 / Watt$ 4 / Watt StatusCommercialDemoCommercial Payback Period30 Years30+ Years15 Years Cost Potential$ 3 in 2010?$ 1.50 in 2010 Typical SiteSuburban Southwest Rural Available Resources Poor - Good Poor - Great Status of the Technologies

Modern Small Wind Turbines: Modern Small Wind Turbines: Not Your Grandfather’s Windcharger  Definition: Under 100 kW  Aerospace Technology  Sophisticated, but Simple  Proven: ~ 5,000 On-Grid  American Companies are the Market and Technology Leaders 10 kW 50 kW 400 W (Not to scale) 1 kW

How They Work  The blades act like wings of an airplane – capturing the energy in the wind  The blades turn a generator that converts blade rotation into electricity  The tail keeps the blades facing the wind  In high winds, the blades turn sideways to limit speed Mechanical Simplicity... Few Moving Parts Tower

Small Wind Applications – Off-Grid Wind Home Systems Hybrid Power Systems Wind-Electric Pumping Systems Wind-Electric Pumping Systems

Small Wind Applications - On-Grid Grid-Intertie Intertie + Back-up

Rural Residential Wind  10 kW (23 ft. Rotor Diameter)  Rural Site, 1 Acre or More  Connected to House Wiring  Produces ~ 13,000 kWh per Year  Offsets ~ 7 Tons of CO 2 per Year  Excess Power Sold to Utility (PURPA)  Either Net Metering or Very Low Buy-Back Rate  Cost: ~ $35,000 - $50,000 TYPICAL HOME SYSTEM

Grid-Intertie System  Variable Speed Wind Turbine, with Inverter  No Batteries  Grid-Connect Through Dedicated Breaker in AC Load Center  Simultaneous Supply from Turbine and Utility … Not “Either or”  Turbine Production Reduces Purchase of Utility Power  Excess Production Sold to Utility  System Shuts Down During Outage  Easily Retrofitted to Existing Facilities

System Components: System Components: Wind Turbine – Bergey Excel-S  Rated at 10 kW at 30 mph  22 ft. Diameter Rotor  ~ 900 Installed  5 Year Warranty  No Scheduled Maintenance  30 Year Design

System Components: Inverter – Bergey GridTek 10  Converts Wind Power into Utility Power – Power Processor  Standards: UL 1741, IEEE 929, IEEE 519  No risk to utility lineman during outages

Interconnection  Industry Experience: 400+ Million Operating Hours at Thousands of Sites – No Safety Issues  PURPA 210, Qualifying Facility  State Implementation Rules Differ  Net Metering (Energy Banking) for Small Systems in ~ 36 States  Utility Interconnection Agreement Required  UL and IEEE Standards for Safety and Power Quality

Permits  Building Permit Usually Required  Industry Design Standards Exceed Building Code Requirements for Wind Loading  Height Restrictions are the Most Common Problem: 35 ft. in Many Areas  Need 80 – 120 ft Towers  Neighbor’s Concerns: Noise, Aesthetics, Property Values … NIMBY & Neighborhood Politics

Case Study: Farm with Wind System  Southwestern Kansas  Bergey Windpower Excel wind turbine 10 kW, 23 ft rotor, 100 ft tower  ~21,000 kWh/year generation, utility bill savings ~$2,800/year  Installed in early 1980s, ~$25,000, received federal tax credit  Maintenance costs $50/year  One lightning strike, damage was covered by farm insurance

Typical Customer  1 acre of property or more  $100 / month electric bill or more  DOE Class 2 wind resource or better (over 50% of the U.S.)  State subsidy program

Typical Customer … Tomorrow?  Single family dwelling  Any size electric bill  DOE Class 2 wind resource or better (over 50% of the “inhabited” U.S.)  No or minimal subsidy  Monthly payment for wind system ~ equal to utility bill savings

U.S. Market Potential: It’s Big!  Residential Electricity Consumption Exceeds Either Commercial or Industrial (35% of U.S. Sales in 1998)  20.6 Million Homes have 1 Acre or More  30.4 Million Homes have ½ Acre or More  4.6 Million Commercial Buildings  Estimated 50%+ are in Class 2 Winds or better Arthur D. Little, 1981: 3.8 Million Units Market Potential: Units by Million

Strategic Plan For Small Wind Turbine Technology American Wind Energy Association & US-DOE documents/31958.pdf Available On-line:

New Jersey Wind Resources High-Res (800m) Wind Map Now Available Recommend 5 m/s for Small Wind

New Jersey Market Potential New Jersey Market Potential Over 1/4 Million Rural Homes & Businesses u1981 Arthur D. Little Study for US-DOE Showed a Potential Market of 234,000 Small Wind Systems In New Jersey uToday, That Equals Over 290,000 Rural Homes & Businesses, or ~ 2,900 MW uPotential Market of ~ $ 6 Billion uMarket Barriers are Significant

Barriers to the Market Barriers to the Market Why Aren’t There More Small Turbines  Equipment Costs too Much! (Low Production Volumes & Shortage of Subsidies)  Zoning / Permits: 35’ Height Restrictions in Residential Zones, NIMBY’s

New Technology is Lowering Costs New Technology is Lowering Costs  Advanced Airfoils  “Super-Magnet” Generators  Low Cost Manufacturing  Smart Power Electronics  Stealth: Very Low Noise US-DOE Advanced Small Wind Turbine Program + Industry Funded R&D

Volume Production will Drive Costs Down Significantly Small Wind as a New-Age Home Appliance … “ a ceiling fan on steroids”

Prime Small Wind Market Areas in California Antelope Valley Solano County Hesperia Area

Hesperia Market Area  ~ kW wind turbine within 10 mile radius  Relaxed permitting requirements in San Bernardino Co.  Market tipping point achieved in 2004 after 3 years

Hesperia Market Area Neighboring 10 kW Turbines “5 – Pack” Shipment

NJ Market: Picking Up Steam  NJ Clean Energy Program offers a 60% rebate  Permitting has been problematic in residentially zoned property  More dealers, more sales – the market is gaining momentum  The BPU has been supportive  NJ Utilities have been supportive Installing the Chesterfield 10 kW May 2003

Typical 10 kW System Costs (California) Guyed Lattice Towers ~ 2/3 of Market Self-Supporting Towers ~ 1/3 of Market

Guyed Lattice Tower Top 10’ Section Regular 10’ Sections Bottom 10’ Section Upper Guy Tabs (1/2” cable) Lower Guy Tabs (5/16” cable) Turnbuckles Equalizer Plates Anchor Rod Anchor Channel

Anchor Layout

30” 4” 24” Min. Pier Pin Base Pads Normal Soils Weak Soils

Base Pad Construction Photos courtesy of Pine Ridge Products, Great falls, MT

Deadman Anchors

Anchor Construction Photos courtesy of Pine Ridge Products, Great falls, MT

Tower Assembly Photo courtesy of Pine Ridge Products, Great falls, MT

Guy Wires and Turnbuckles Photo courtesy of Pine Ridge Products, Great falls, MT

Turbine Assembly Photos courtesy of Pine Ridge Products, Great falls, MT

Turbine Assembly Photos courtesy of Pine Ridge Products, Great falls, MT

Turbine Assembly Photos courtesy of Pine Ridge Products, Great falls, MT

Disconnect and Furling Winch Photos courtesy of Pine Ridge Products, Great falls, MT

Raising Tower & Turbine Photos courtes y of Pine Ridge Product s, Great falls, MT

Attach & Tension Guy Wires Photos courtesy of Pine Ridge Products, Great falls, MT

Detach Crane Lanyard Photos courtesy of Pine Ridge Products, Great falls, MT

Final Leveling of Tower Photos courtesy of Pine Ridge Products, Great falls, MT Recheck Guy Wire Tension at 30-day and 180-day Inspections

Safety Guy Wires Photo courtesy of Pine Ridge Products, Great falls, MT

How to Buy  Contact local dealer(s):  Check local zoning, particularly relating to 80 ft –120 ft tower height  Dealer site survey  Quotation - acceptance  Rebate reservation  Contact utility (dealer does usually)  Get building permits  Install and commission

Site Surveys  Site surveys help establish installation details that will set the scope and cost of the project  Location of tower  Type & height of tower  Length of wire run  Type of soil and difficulty of excavation and trenching  Location for electronics  Other site or project details that might affect the budget or schedule  Dealer can review your bills and provide an estimate of the savings you can expect plus the approximate installation costs

Sources for Further Information on Small Wind uAmerican Wind Energy Association, Washington, DC or uBergey WindPower Co., Norman, OK or uUS-DOE National Wind Technology Center, Boulder, CO Ms. Trudy Forsyth:

Let the Wind Pay your Electric Bills